Question

【題目】請認(rèn)真閱讀下列短文， 并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一個最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。

注意: 每個空格只填 1 個單詞。 請將答案寫在答題卷上相應(yīng)題號的橫線上。

Driverless cars used to be the sort of thing you’d see in sci-fi films, but in 2020 they’re becoming a reality. Autonomous car technology is already being developed by the likes of Lexus, BMW and Mercedes, and we’ve even tested Tesla’s driverless Autopilot system on UK roads. Across the Atlantic, Google is developing its automated technology in the wild, and Apple is rumoured to be working with BMW on its own-probably automated-car.

Fully-driverless tech is still at an advanced testing stage, but partially automated technology has been around for the last few years. Executive saloons like the BMW 7 Series feature automated parking, and can even be controlled remotely.

With so much investment and interest in driverless technology, it’s easy to assume that self-operating cars are likely to happen soon, but they’re much further away than we might think. Before driverless vehicles go to market widely, manufacturers must deal with a range of technical and ethical challenges, and prevent the biggest threat to autonomous technology: humans.

The human problem

Humans present problems for autonomous cars as both drivers and pedestrians, and dealing with our unpredictable behaviour represents a significant challenge for the technology.

The Google Car is one of the most experienced autonomous vehicles. Even so, its interaction with human drivers has given rise to the exposure of one of driverless cars’ main weaknesses. The first injury involving the Google Car wasn’t due to a fault in its system, but human-error. While correctly waiting at traffic lights, Google’s self-driving car was hit by an inattentive driver and, in spite of its sophisticated array (復(fù)雜精密的數(shù)組) of sensors, there was little it could do to avoid the incident. Luckily, the accident only resulted in minor injury for a few of the passengers, but it’s a reminder that autonomous cars are at risk when surrounded by human road users.

Despite their sophisticated systems, self-driving cars currently have no plan B for human road users. Human drivers are able to interact with each other and make allowances, but also make countless, small mistakes when driving-mistakes to which current self-driving cars simply can’t adapt.

Dealing with pedestrians

The way human drivers interact with pedestrians raises difficult moral and ethical questions for car manufacturers-with implications.

Autonomous cars need to understand the way pedestrians behave, while also imitating the behaviour they’d expect from a human driver. “Everyone has a knowledge of how a human being is going to react, because we are all human beings,” says computer ethics commentator Ben Byford. “So if you walk out in front of a car, and presumably the car driver knows you’re there, they’re going to react in a certain way.”

“ If I walked out in front of a Google car travelling at 60mph, I have no real knowledge of how the vehicle will behave, so I’m effectively putting myself in danger.”

How 【1】 away are we from autonomous cars?
Background information	● Autonomous car technology has been 【2】 in some famous car manufacturers. ● Partially automated technology has been in 【3】 for the last few years. ● Before our roads are 【4】 with driverless vehicles, manufacturers have a lot of things to do.
【5】 about the autonomous technology	The human problem	● The Google car’s accident has 【6】 one of driverless cars’ weaknesses. ● 【7】 the sophisticated array of sensors, Google’s self-driving car could do little to avoid the accident. ● With no alternative plan, self-driving cars cannot have a good 【8】 with human drivers.
	Dealing with pedestrians	【9】 human drivers who know pedestrians well, autonomous cars have difficulty in 【10】 their behavior, thus putting pedestrians in danger.

Answer 1

【答案】

【1】far

【2】tested/developed

【3】use/ application/existence

【4】flooded/ crowded

【5】Concerns/Worries

【6】exposed

【7】Despite

【8】interaction

【9】Unlike

【10】understanding/knowing/ predicting

【解析】

本文是一篇說明文，介紹了我們離自動駕駛汽車還有多遠(yuǎn)（在自動駕駛汽車投入使用之前，我們還有很長的路要走）。

【1】

考查固定短語。通讀全文，特別是根據(jù)第三段中的“it’s easy to assume that self-operating cars are likely to happen soon, but they’re much further away than we might think.”可知，人們很容易認(rèn)為自動駕駛汽車可能很快就會出現(xiàn)，但它們離我們想象的要遠(yuǎn)得多，由此可知，本文主要介紹的是我們離自動駕駛汽車還有多遠(yuǎn)，how far away表示“有多遠(yuǎn)”，故填far。

【2】

考查動詞。根據(jù)第一段中的“Autonomous car technology is already being developed by the likes of Lexus, BMW and Mercedes, and we’ve even tested Tesla’s driverless Autopilot system on UK roads.”可知，雷克薩斯、寶馬和梅賽德斯等知名公司開發(fā)已經(jīng)開發(fā)了自動駕駛技術(shù)，我們甚至在英國公路上測試了特斯拉的無人駕駛自動駕駛系統(tǒng)，此處需要填動詞作謂語，并與前面的“has been”構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)，因此填過去分詞，故填tested/developed。

【3】

考查名詞。根據(jù)第二段“Fully-driverless tech is still at an advanced testing stage, but partially automated technology has been around for the last few years. Executive saloons like the BMW 7 Series feature automated parking, and can even be controlled remotely.”可知，完全自動駕駛技術(shù)仍處于高級測試階段，但部分自動駕駛技術(shù)在過去幾年中已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)，像寶馬7系這樣的行政轎車具有自動停車功能，甚至可以遠(yuǎn)程控制，由此可知，部分自動駕駛技術(shù)在過去幾年中一直存在（應(yīng)用/使用），作介詞in的賓語用名詞，故填use/ application/existence。

【4】

考查固定短語。根據(jù)第三段中的“Before driverless vehicles go to market widely, manufacturers must deal with a range of technical and ethical challenges”可知，在自動駕駛汽車廣泛進(jìn)入市場之前，制造商必須應(yīng)對一系列技術(shù)上和道德上的挑戰(zhàn)，be crowded/ flooded with表示“擠滿、充滿”，故填crowded/ flooded。

【5】

考查名詞。根據(jù)The human problem部分的內(nèi)容以及Dealing with pedestrians部分的內(nèi)容可知，對于自動駕駛技術(shù)，人們最擔(dān)心的是自動駕駛汽車無法適應(yīng)人為錯誤和不能正確地對行人做出反應(yīng)，作主語用名詞，故填Concerns/Worries。

【6】

考查動詞。根據(jù)第五段中的“The Google Car is one of the most experienced autonomous vehicles. Even so, its interaction with human drivers has given rise to the exposure of one of driverless cars’ main weaknesses.”可知，谷歌汽車是最有經(jīng)驗的自動駕駛汽車之一，盡管如此，它與人類司機(jī)的互動暴露了無人駕駛汽車的一個主要弱點(diǎn)，緊接著就舉了谷歌汽車的第一次出事故的例子，此處缺少動詞作謂語，“has”表明用的是現(xiàn)在完成時，此處需要填過去分詞，故填exposed。

【7】

考查介詞。根據(jù)第五段中的“in spite of its sophisticated array (復(fù)雜精密的數(shù)組) of sensors, there was little it could do to avoid the incident.”可知，“盡管谷歌的自動駕駛汽車有一系列精密的傳感器，但它幾乎無法避免發(fā)生事故（對避免事故幾乎無能為力），despite是介詞，表示“盡管”，故填Despite。

【8】

考查名詞。根據(jù)第六段中的“Human drivers are able to interact with each other”可知，人類的駕駛員能夠相互交流，而自動駕駛汽車卻不能，作動詞have的賓語用名詞，故填interaction。

【9】

考查介詞。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的““Everyone has a knowledge of how a human being is going to react, because we are all human beings,” says computer ethics commentator Ben Byford. “So if you walk out in front of a car, and presumably the car driver knows you’re there, they’re going to react in a certain way.””可知，計算機(jī)倫理評論員本·拜福德說：“人類知道一個人將如何反應(yīng)，因為我們都是人，如果你走到一輛車前面，人類駕駛員會根據(jù)你的位置做出反應(yīng)，而自動駕駛汽車則不能”，由此可知，與熟悉行人的人類駕駛員不同，自動駕駛汽車很難了解行人的行為， 此處需要填介詞，表示“與……不同、不像”，故填Unlike。

【10】

考查非謂語動詞。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的““Everyone has a knowledge of how a human being is going to react, because we are all human beings,” says computer ethics commentator Ben Byford. “So if you walk out in front of a car, and presumably the car driver knows you’re there, they’re going to react in a certain way.””可知，計算機(jī)倫理評論員本·拜福德說：“人類知道一個人將如何反應(yīng)，因為我們都是人，如果你走到一輛車前面，人類駕駛員會根據(jù)你的位置做出反應(yīng)，而自動駕駛汽車則不能”，由此可知，與熟悉行人的人類駕駛員不同，自動駕駛汽車很難理解（了解/預(yù)測）行人的行為，have difficulty in doing表示“做某事有困難”，故填understanding/knowing/ predicting。