Fear may be felt in the heart as well as in the head, according to a study that has found a link between the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear.
Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment when their hearts are contracting(收縮) and pumping blood around their bodies, compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed. Scientists say the results suggest that the heart is able to influence how the brain responds to the fearful event, depending on which point it is at in its regular cycle of contraction and relaxation.
Sarah Garfinkel at the Brington and Sussex Medical School said: “Our study shows for the first time that the way in which we deal with fear is different depending on when we see fearful pictures in relation to our heart.”
The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces. Dr Garfinkel said, “The study showed fearful faces are better noticed when the heart is pumping than when it is relaxed. Thus our hearts can also affect what we see and what we don’t see—and guide whether we see fear.”
To further understand this relationship, the scientists also used a brain scanner(掃描儀) to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a person’s feeling of fear.
“We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and the brain ‘speak’ to each other to change our feelings and reduce fear,” Dr Garfinkel said.
“We hope that by increasing our understanding about how fear is death with and ways that it could be reduced, we may be able to develop more successful treatments for anxiety disorders, and also for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder.”
47. What is the finding of the study?
A. One’s heart affects how he feels fear.
B. Fear is a result of one’s relaxed heartbeat.
C. Fear has something to do with one’s health.
D. One’s fast heartbeats are likely to cause fear.
48. The study was carried out by analyzing _________.
A. volunteers’ heartbeats when they saw terrible pictures.
B. the time volunteers saw fearful pictures and their health conditions.
C. volunteers’ reactions to horrible pictures and data from their brain scans.
D. different pictures shown to volunteers and their heart-brain communication.
49. Which of the following is closet in meaning to “mechanism” in Paragraph 6?
A. Order. B. System. C. Machine. D. Treatment.
50. This study may contribute to ________.
A. treating anxiety and stress better.
B. explaining the cycle of fear and anxiety.
C. finding the key to the heart-brain communication.
D. understanding different fears in our hearts and heads.
【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。介紹了對(duì)20名健康的志愿者進(jìn)行的恐懼反應(yīng)試驗(yàn)，告訴讀者大腦與心臟都能感知到恐懼，而且心臟跳動(dòng)的周期與人們感知恐懼的機(jī)會(huì)有關(guān)聯(lián)。這份研究成果未來有望更成功地用于治療憂慮癥以及應(yīng)激障礙疾病。
| 段落 | 關(guān)鍵詞、句 | 大意推測(cè) |
| 第一部分（Para. 1-2） | a link between the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear；contracting and pumping blood ；able to influence；responds to the fearful event | 研究結(jié)論：心跳與人們感知恐懼的關(guān)聯(lián)；收縮、抽取血液；能影響到；對(duì)恐懼事件的反應(yīng) |
| 第二部分（Para3-6） | for the first time；see fearful pictures ；better noticed；the way the heart changes a person’s feeling of fear；an important mechanism | 介紹試驗(yàn)：首次；看到恐怖的圖片；更容易注意到；心臟改變?nèi)藢?duì)恐懼感覺的方式；重要的心理機(jī)制 |
| 第三部分（Para. 7） | develop more successful treatments | 研究成果在未來醫(yī)學(xué)上的價(jià)值：研發(fā)更成功的治療方法 |
【解析】
47.A。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。難度：較易。題干關(guān)鍵詞finding，定位第一段第一句according to a study that has found a link between the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear（依據(jù)研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)：心跳循環(huán)與人感知恐懼是有關(guān)聯(lián)的）。鎖定選項(xiàng)A。One’s heart affects how he feels fear（人的心臟影響他對(duì)恐懼的感知）。
48.C。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。難度：較難。題干關(guān)鍵詞carried out。定位文章對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)的介紹在3-6段。找到Para.4. The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces.（這項(xiàng)研究對(duì)20名健康的志愿者試驗(yàn)了當(dāng)他們看到恐懼面孔圖片時(shí)的反應(yīng)）以及Para.5. the scientists also used a brain scanner(掃描儀) to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a person’s feeling of fear.（為了演示大腦是如何影響心臟改變?nèi)藢?duì)恐懼的感知方式，科學(xué)家們還使用掃描儀)。因此。選項(xiàng)C。volunteers’ reactions to horrible pictures and data from their brain scans.（志愿者們對(duì)恐懼圖片的反應(yīng)以及來自大腦掃描儀的數(shù)據(jù)）。
49.B。詞義推測(cè)題。難度：較難。由題干的mechanism定位文章Para.6,找到此詞所在的句子，這個(gè)詞后面的句子就是答案。We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and the brain ‘speak’ to each other to change our feelings and reduce fear翻譯mechanism后面的句子：通過這個(gè)mechanism，心臟和大腦可以相互“交流”以便于改變我們的感覺減少恐懼。因此，mechanism是心臟與大腦交流的一個(gè)完整系統(tǒng)，而不是“命令、機(jī)器以及治療”。
50.A。細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。難度：較易。題干關(guān)鍵詞contribute to（有助于）。定位文章的末段。根據(jù)we may be able to develop more successful treatments for anxiety disorders, and also for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder.（我可以能夠更成功地治療憂慮癥，還可以治療那些可能正遭受應(yīng)激障礙疾病痛苦的患者）。鎖定答案選項(xiàng)A. treating anxiety and stress better. （更好地治療憂慮癥和應(yīng)激障礙）。
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Most people agree that the direct, assertive(過分自信的) American personality is a virtue, but it sometimes surprises foreigners. In many cultures, respect for older people or those in positions of authority keeps others from expressing their true feelings. But in the U.S, children often argue with their parents, students may disagree with their teachers, and citizens may express opposition to the actions of the government. If the soup has a fly in it or the meat is too tough to chew, the diner can complain to the waiter, if the boss makes a mistake, an employee will politely point it out.
Some straight talk about the American character must include the admission that Americans have their faults. The extremely competitive nature of Americans is probably their worst fault. Of course, competition isn’t always bad. As a matter of fact, it promotes excellence by encouraging individuals and businesses to try to do their best. But the desire to get ahead of others sometimes causes people to do things that are unkind and even dishonest. Also, Americans admire what is practical, fast, efficient, and fresh. Sometimes they fail to understand and appreciate practices that have greater respect for more traditional, leisurely ways of doing things. On the other hand, people from other cultures may dislike the practical, challenging American lifestyle.
Despite culture differences, most foreigners give Americans credit for their virtues. Americans are generally viewed as friendly, adaptable, energetic, and kindhearted. Most newcomers to the U.S. like Americans, and the feeling is usually mutual. Perhaps the greatest American virtue is a deep interest in new ideas and new people. In a nation of immigrants, the foreigner does not remain an outsider for long.
In order to show the respect for older people,. .
A.people from some other cultures will always express their true feeling
B.people from some other cultures may sometimes hide their true feeling
C.Americans always show their true feelings
D.Americans usually argue with them
Why is the extremely competitive nature considered as one of American faults?
A.Because people from other cultures fear competition.
B.Because only American people own it.
C.Because it will make people forget leisure.
D.Because it may sometimes urge people to do something bad.
It can be inferred from the passage that . .
A.American people are more critical of everything than people from other cultures
B.the author believes that American character has more faults than virtues
C.the author admires American virtues as they are viewed as competitive and anti traditional
D.it is difficult for newcomers to get on with Americans
The passage mainly talks about . .
A.American virtues B.American characters C.American faults D.American lifestyles
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When I see a child 3 to this kind of pressure, I think of Donnie．
Donnie was my youngest third grader．His 4 of failure kept him from classroom games that other children enjoyed．He 5 answered questions — he might be wrong．
I tried my best to build his 6．But nothing changed until midterm, when Mary Anne, a student teacher, was assigned （安排）to our classroom．
She was young and pretty, and she loved children．My pupils, Donnie included,7 her．
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My student teacher looked at me in despair．Suddenly her face 11．From the desk we shared, she got a container filled with pencils．
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"See these 14 , Donnie," she continued．"They belong to Mrs. Lindstrom and me．See how the erasers are 15 ? That’s because we make mistakes too．But we erase the mistakes and try again．That’s what you 16 learn to do, too．"
She kissed him and stood up．"Here," she said, "I’ll leave one of these pencils on 17 desk so you’ll remember that everybody makes mistakes, 18 teachers．" Donnie looked up with love in his eyes and a smile．
The pencil became Donnie’s 19 possession．That, together with Mary Anne’s frequent encouragement, gradually 20 him that it’s all right to make mistakes — as long as you erase them and try again．
|
2．A．correct B．same C．important D．natural
3．A．suffering B．object C．fall D．subject
4．A．fear B．lesson C．chance D．sense
5．A．a(chǎn)lways B．often C．never D．seldom
6．A．self-protection B．self-improvement C．self-confidence D．self-learning
7．A．respected B．disliked C．a(chǎn)voided D．mined
8．A．worked out B．copied C．gone over D．leaned
9．A．left B．offered C．missed D．parted
10．A．surprise B．a(chǎn)stonishment C．a(chǎn)nger D．tears
11．A．darkened B．brightened C．pulled D．loosened
12．A．lifting B．picking C．holding D．pushing
13．A．help B．show C．reward D．promise
14．A．pencils B．mistakes C．marks D．containers
15．A．used B．built C．worn D．damaged
16．A．may B．must C．will D．can
17．A．my B．someone’s C．the teacher’s D．your
18．A．still B．a(chǎn)lso C．even D．not
19．A．prized B．own C．kept D．expected
20．A．warned B．informed C．persuaded D．reminded
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科目：高中英語 來源：2011-2012學(xué)年湖南省華鑫中學(xué)高一下學(xué)期第三次月考英語試卷（帶解析） 題型：閱讀理解
Fear can be a wonderful feeling in our lives, protecting us from dangerous situations and keeping us safe. But fear can also limit our lives significantly. While it may not be conscious, fear may make us think we are unacceptable or that what we have to offer isn’t valuable. Fear may make us feel that we are not safe being ourselves.
To avoid feeling fear, we may limit our lives greatly, living in tiny boxes. Living this way gives us the illusion(假象) of safety but leaves us with an unfulfilling life of no passion. If we shine a light on many of our fears, we see they have a very limited view of what is “safe” and how to “protect” us. Many of our fears are concerned only with protecting us from humiliation(羞辱) and failure. While these fears are doing their jobs incredibly well, they are doing so with faulty and outdated programming. Many fears we have as adults are trying to protect us as they protected us when we were children. Indeed, many of our current, automatic reactions to fear were actually formed when we were children.
Even so, it’s important not to judge ourselves for feeling these types of fears. If we judge ourselves, we will bury our fears or disguise them. By denying our fears, however, we also deny our energy, creativity and passion.
So what do we do with fear? We recognize the fear for what it is--- a feeling we’ve experienced many times in the past and a feeling we will experience many times in the future. We become very familiar with our own particular brand of fears and how we allow them to control our lives. It is especially beneficial for each of us to become aware of the particular behavior patterns we’ve adopted when we feel fear, so we can look at our reactions with a sense of humor and compassion. Then, if we wish, we can choose a different response, which can be a scary yet very exciting experience.
【小題1】According to the first paragraph, fear sometimes .
| A．protect us when we’ve made mistakes |
| B．makes sure our feelings are not hurt |
| C．brings great change to our everyday life |
| D．makes us lose confidence in ourselves |
| A．thinks it difficult to control our fear |
| B．believes fears protect us negatively |
| C．thinks it’s good to criticize ourselves |
| D．values the advantages of feeling fear |
| A．vary from person to person |
| B．have been formed since childhood |
| C．develop during our growth |
| D．will not change until we get old |
| A．what is the essence of fears |
| B．usual reactions we have when feeling fear |
| C．how to deal with fears reasonably |
| D．the importance of humor and compassion |
| A．Is fear managing your life? |
| B．Be calm when feeling fear |
| C．What do you fear most? |
| D．Passion, chance and fear |
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(2013·高考四川卷，E)Fear may be felt in the heart as well as in the head，according to a study that has found a link between the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear.
Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment when their hearts are contracting(收縮) and pumping blood around their bodies，compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed.Scientists say the results suggest that the heart is able to influence how the brain responds to a fearful event，depending on which point it is at in its regular cycle of contraction and relaxation.
Sarah Garfinkel at the Brighton and Sussex Medical School said：“Our study shows for the first time that the way in which we deal with fear is different depending on when we see fearful pictures in relation to our heart.”
The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces.Dr Garfinkel said，“The study showed that fearful faces are better noticed when the heart is pumping than when it is relaxed.Thus our hearts can also affect what we see and what we don’t see－and guide whether we see fear.”
To further understand this relationship，the scientists also used a brain scanner(掃描儀) to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a person’s feeling of fear.
“We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and brain ‘speak’to each other to change our feelings and reduce fear，”Dr Garfinkel said.
“We hope that by increasing our understanding about how fear is dealt with and ways that it could be reduced，we may be able to develop more successful treatments for anxiety disorders，and also for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder.”
1.What is the finding of the study?
A．One’s heart affects how he feels fear.
B．Fear is a result of one’s relaxed heartbeat.
C．Fear has something to do with one’s health.
D．One’s fast heartbeats are likely to cause fear.
2.The study was carried out by analyzing________.
? A．volunteers’ heartbeats when they saw terrible pictures
? B．the time volunteers saw fearful pictures and their health conditions
? C．volunteers’ reactions to horrible pictures and data from their brain scans
? D．different pictures shown to volunteers and their heart?brain communication
3.Which of the following is closest in meaning to“mechanism” in Paragraph 6?
A．Order. B．System.
C．Machine. D．Treatment.
4.This study may contribute to________.
? A．treating anxiety and stress better
? B．explaining the cycle of fear and anxiety
? C．finding the key to the heart?brain communication
? D．understanding different fears in our hearts and heads
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Almost everyone is afraid of something --- snakes, heights, public speaking and so on.
It is normal and can even be helpful to experience fear sometimes. In dangerous situations, fear can keep our bodies alert (警醒的) so that we can act quickly to protect ourselves.
But for some people, fear develops into a “phobia”, which is a strong and unreasonable fear of something. For example, the majority of us feel a little scared when looking down from a tall building. But people with height phobia may have trouble breathing, feel dizzy or turn down a great job just because the company is on the 20th floor.
Phobias can prevent you from living a normal life. “People with spider phobia would stay out of their home or dormitory room for days if they thought a spider was present,” Katherina Hauner, a researcher at Northwestern University, US, told ABC news. This is why scientists have been trying to find a cure for this disease.
Since fear comes from experience --- from what we are told, what we see others experience and what happens to us --- some scientists think if they can “rewrite” these unpleasant memories, they might be able to help people overcome their phobias.
In a study by Hauner and other scientists, participants with spider phobia were asked to first touch a spider with a paintbrush. Seeing that it was not actually dangerous, they then tried touching it while wearing a glove. Finally, they could hold it with their hands.
Certain medicine has also been found to be helpful. Back in 2010, researchers at the University of Hiroshima, Japan, injected (注射) a special medicine into a fish --- who was afraid of light --- to turn off the fear center in its brain. From then on, the fish no longer feared light.
While the search for solutions to phobias is making great progress, it’s an open question whether getting rid of fear is good. Some people want to use these methods to make soldiers fight harder in wars by taking away their sense of fear. Dave Smithson of the charity Anxiety UK thinks that’s a bad idea. “It’s fear that prevents us from doing crazy things,” he says. “There’s a name for people who don’t have fear of consequences: psychopaths (精神變態(tài)者).
1.The main point of the article is to ___________.
A. show us what kind of role fear plays in our lives
B. discuss if it is good to try to get rid of fear
C. inform us of fear and phobia
D. discuss scientific studies related to fear
2.How does the writer make the meaning of “phobia” clear?
A. By making comparisons. B. By giving examples.
C. By giving data in numbers. D. By giving descriptions.
3.Which of the following shows the progress scientists have made in finding solutions to phobia?
A. New medicine can shut off fear centers in animal brains whenever needed.
B. They can use phobias to keep our bodies alert so that we can protect ourselves.
C. They can now reduce the pain which is connected with phobia.
D. They have succeeded in helping some people ignore memories related to phobia.
4.Which of the following would Dave Smithson probably agree with?
A. There is nothing to fear except fear itself.
B. We should not let fear affect our decisions.
C. Fear is not a completely bad thing.
D. Without fear, everyone would be brave.
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