Make Up Your Mind to Succeed
Kind-hearted parents have unknowingly left their children defenseless against failure. The generation born between 1980 and 2001 grew up playing sports where scores and performance were played down because “everyone’s winner.” And their report cards sounded more positive (正面的) than ever before. As a result, Stanford University professor Carol Dweck, PhD, calls them “the overpraised generation.”
Dweck has been studying how people deal with failure for 40 years. Her research has led her to find out two clearly different mind-sets that have a great effect on how we react to it. Here’s how they work:
A fixed mind-set is grounded in the belief that talent (才能) is genetic – you’re a born artist, point guard, or numbers person. The fixed mind-set believes he’s sure to succeed without much effort and regards failure as personal shame. When things get difficult, he’s quick to blame, lie, and even stay away from future difficulties.
On the other hand, a growth mind-set believes that no talent is entirely heaven-sent and that effort and learning make everything possible. Because the ego (自尊) isn’t on the line as much, the growth mind-set sees failure as a chance rather than shame. When faced with a difficulty, he’s quick to rethink, change and try again. In fact, he enjoys this experience.
We are all born with growth mind-sets. (Otherwise, we wouldn’t be able to live in the world.) But parents, teachers, and instructors often push us into fixed mind-sets by encouraging certain actions and misdirecting praise. Dweck’s book, Mind-set: The New Psychology of Success, and online instructional program explain this in depth. But she says there are many little things you can start doing today to make sure that your children, grandchildren and even you are never defeated by failure.
【小題1】 What does the author think about the present generation?

A．They don’t do well at school. B．They are often misunderstood.
C．They are eager to win in sports. D．They are given too much praise.
【小題2】A fixed mind-set person is probably one who ___ .
A．doesn’t want to work hard
B．cares a lot about personal safety
C．cannot share his ideas with others
D．can succeed with the help of teachers
【小題3】What does the growth mind-set believe?
A．Admitting failure is shameful.
B．Talent comes with one’s birth.
C．Scores should be highly valued.
D．Getting over difficulties is enjoyable.
【小題4】 What should parents do for their children based on Dweck’s study?
A．Encourage them to learn from failures.
B．Prevent them from making mistakes.
C．Guide them in doing little things.
D．Help them grow with praise.


【小題1】D
【小題2】A
【小題3】D
【小題4】A

解析試題分析:文章主要介紹了兩種思維模式的人，分別為固定思維模式和成長(zhǎng)型思維模式。
【小題1】D。細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段As a result, Stanford University professor Carol Dweck, PhD, calls them “the overpraised generation.”可知他們被稱為“過(guò)度夸獎(jiǎng)的一代”。故選D。
【小題2】A。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段The fixed mind-set believes he’s sure to succeed without much effort and regards failure as personal shame.固定思維模式的人認(rèn)為他不需要太多的努力就一定會(huì)成功，并認(rèn)為失敗是個(gè)人的恥辱。可知固定思維模式的人不愿意努力。故選A。
【小題3】D。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段When faced with a difficulty, he’s quick to rethink, change and try again. In fact, he enjoys this experience.成長(zhǎng)型思維模式的人面對(duì)困難的時(shí)候，他會(huì)很快反思，改變并再次嘗試。實(shí)際上，他是享受這種經(jīng)歷的�？芍砷L(zhǎng)型思維模式的人認(rèn)為克服困難過(guò)程是享受的。故選D。
【小題4】A。推理判斷題。通讀全文可知，德威克實(shí)驗(yàn)證明成長(zhǎng)型思維模式比固定思維模式要好，而固定思維模式的人是由于經(jīng)常被夸獎(jiǎng)造成的。所以推測(cè)父母為培養(yǎng)孩子們成長(zhǎng)型思維模式，應(yīng)該要多鼓勵(lì)孩子們面對(duì)失敗并從中學(xué)習(xí)。故選A。
考點(diǎn)：考查說(shuō)明類短文閱讀。

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Choosing the Right Resolution (決定)
Millions of Americans began 2014 with the same resolution they started 2013 with, a goal of losing weight. However, setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake.
To reach our goal of losing weight --- the output, we need to control what we eat --- the input ( 輸入). That is, we tend to care about the output but not to control the input. This is a bad way to construce goals. The alternative is to focus your resolution on the input. Instead of resolving to lose weight, try an actionable resolution: “I’ll stop having desert for lunch,” or “I’ll walk every day for 20 minutes.” Creating a goal that focuses on a well-specified input will likely be more effective than concentrating on the outcome.
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As long as you have direct control over your goal, you have a much higher chance of success. And it’s easier to start again if you fail, because you know exactly what you need to do.
If you want to cut down on your spending, a good goal would be making morning coffee at home instead of going to a cafe, for example. This is a well-specified action-based goal for which you can measure your success easily. Spending less money isn’t a goal because it’s too general. Similarly, if you want to spend more time with your family, don’t stop with this general wish. Think bout an actionable habit that you could adopt and stick to, like a family movie night every Wednesday.
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Scientists at Royal Holloway, University of London  and Queen Mary, University of London have discovered that bees learn to fly the shortest possible route between flowers even if they discover the flowers in a different order. Bees are effectively solving the “traveling salesman problem”, and they are the first creatures found to do this.

The traveling salesman must find the shortest route that allows him to visit all locations on his route. Computers solve it by comparing the length of all possible routes and choosing the shortest, and it can keep computers busy for days. However, bees solve it without computer assistance using a brain the size of grass seed. Dr. Nigel Raine, from the School of Biological Sciences at Royal Holloway explains, “Bees solve traveling salesman problems every day. They visit flowers at multiple locations and because bees use lots of energy to fly, they find a route which keeps flying to a minimum. ”
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【小題1】 What would be the best title of the passage?

A．Bees help salesmen travel
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