(2013·高考四川卷，E)Fear may be felt in the heart as well as in the head，according to a study that has found a link between the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear.
Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment when their hearts are contracting(收縮) and pumping blood around their bodies，compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed.Scientists say the results suggest that the heart is able to influence how the brain responds to a fearful event，depending on which point it is at in its regular cycle of contraction and relaxation.
Sarah Garfinkel at the Brighton and Sussex Medical School said：“Our study shows for the first time that the way in which we deal with fear is different depending on when we see fearful pictures in relation to our heart.”
The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces.Dr Garfinkel said，“The study showed that fearful faces are better noticed when the heart is pumping than when it is relaxed.Thus our hearts can also affect what we see and what we don’t see－and guide whether we see fear.”
To further understand this relationship，the scientists also used a brain scanner(掃描儀) to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a person’s feeling of fear.
“We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and brain ‘speak’to each other to change our feelings and reduce fear，”Dr Garfinkel said.
“We hope that by increasing our understanding about how fear is dealt with and ways that it could be reduced，we may be able to develop more successful treatments for anxiety disorders，and also for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder.”
小題1:What is the finding of the study?
A．One’s heart affects how he feels fear.
B．Fear is a result of one’s relaxed heartbeat.
C．Fear has something to do with one’s health.
D．One’s fast heartbeats are likely to cause fear.
小題2:The study was carried out by analyzing________.
A．volunteers’ heartbeats when they saw terrible pictures
B．the time volunteers saw fearful pictures and their health conditions
C．volunteers’ reactions to horrible pictures and data from their brain scans
D．different pictures shown to volunteers and their heart­brain communication
小題3:Which of the following is closest in meaning to“mechanism” in Paragraph 6?
A．Order. B．System.
C．Machine. D．Treatment.
小題4:This study may contribute to________.
A．treating anxiety and stress better
B．explaining the cycle of fear and anxiety
C．finding the key to the heart­brain communication
D．understanding different fears in our hearts and heads

小題1:A
小題1:C
小題1:B
小題1:A
本文是一篇說明文。本文講述了科學家通過研究揭示了恐懼與心臟和大腦的關(guān)系。
小題1:解析：選A。細節(jié)理解題。由全文和第四段最后一句Thus our hearts can...fear.可知我們的心跳影響我們對恐懼的感知，所以A符合題意。
小題2:解析：選C。由文章第四段和第五段可知，實驗是通過分析志愿者對可怕圖片的反應和他們的大腦掃描數(shù)據(jù)來進行的。A項“志愿者看到可怕圖片時的心跳”太片面；B項中提到了身體健康狀況，而文章中并沒有提及，故排除；D項中的heart?brain communication是在實驗后提到的，故也排除。
小題3:解析：選B。結(jié)合上文的實驗可知，mechanism所在句句意為：我們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個重要的(身體內(nèi)的)機制，通過它心臟和大腦可以互相交流來改善我們的情緒并減少恐懼。故只有B項system“體系，系統(tǒng)”與mechanism意思相近。order“順序，命令”；machine“機械，機器”；treatment“治療”。
小題4:解析：選A。推理判斷題。由最后一段中的．..we may be able to develop more...disorder.可知這個研究對治療焦慮和壓力有好處。所以選A項。
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Here is an astonishing and significant fact：Mental work alone can’t make us tired.It sounds absurd.But a few years ago，scientists tried to find out how long the human brain could labor without reaching a stage of fatigue (疲勞)．To the amazement of these scientists，they discovered that blood passing through the brain，when it is active，shows no fatigue at all! If we took a drop of blood from a day laborer，we would find it full of fatigue toxins(毒素) and fatigue products.But if we took blood from the brain of an Albert Einstein，it would show no fatigue toxins at the end of the day.
So far as the brain is concerned，it can work as well and swiftly at the end of eight or even twelve hours of effort as at the beginning.The brain is totally tireless.So what makes us tired?
Some scientists declare that most of our fatigue comes from our mental and emotional(情感的) attitudes.One of England’s most outstanding scientists，J.A.Hadfield，says，“The greater part of the fatigue from which we suffer is of mental origin.In fact，fatigue of purely physical origin is rare.”Dr.Brill，a famous American scientist，goes even further.He declares，“One hundred percent of the fatigue of a sitting worker in good health is due to emotional problems.”
What kinds of emotions make sitting workers tired? Joy? Satisfaction? No! A feeling of being bored，anger，anxiety，tenseness，worry，a feeling of not being appreciated－those are the emotions that tire sitting workers.Hard work by itself seldom causes fatigue.We get tired because our emotions produce nervousness in the body.
小題1:What surprised the scientists a few years ago?
A．Fatigue toxins could hardly be found in a laborer’s blood.
B．Albert Einstein didn’t feel worn out after a day’s work.
C．The brain could work for many hours without fatigue.
D．A mental worker’s blood was filled with fatigue toxins.
小題2:According to the author，which of the following can make sitting workers tired?
A．Challenging mental work.
B．Unpleasant emotions.
C．Endless tasks.
D．Physical labor.
小題3:What’s the author’s attitude towards the scientists’ ideas?
A．He agrees with them.
B．He doubts them.
C．He argues against them.
D．He hesitates to accept them.
小題4:We can infer from the passage that in order to stay energetic，sitting workers need to ________.
A．have some good food
B．enjoy their work
C．exercise regularly
D．discover fatigue toxins

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

(2013·高考新課標全國卷Ⅰ，B)The baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital.She is quiet but alert (警覺)．Twenty centimeters from her face researchers have placed a white card with two black spots on it.She stares at it carefully.A researcher removes the card and replaces it by another，this time with the spots differently spaced.As the cards change from one to the other，her gaze(凝視) starts to lose its focus—until a third，with three black spots，is presented.Her gaze returns：she looks at it for twice as long as she did at the previous card.Can she tell that the number two is different from three，just 24 hours after coming into the world?
Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer? The same experiment，but with three spots shown before two，shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes.Perhaps it is just the newness? When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb，a key，an orange and so on)，changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves.Could it be the pattern that two things make，as opposed to three? No again.Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three，or three to two.The effect even crosses between senses.Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two；likewise (同樣地) when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.
小題1:The experiment described in Paragraph 1 is related to the baby’s________.
A．sense of hearing B．sense of sight
C．sense of touch D．sense of smell
小題2:Babies are sensitive to the change in________.
A．the size of cards B．the colour of pictures
C．the shape of patterns D．the number of objects
小題3:Why did the researchers test the babies with drumbeats?
A．To reduce the difficulty of the experiment.
B．To see how babies recognize sounds.
C．To carry their experiment further.
D．To keep the babies’ interest.
小題4:Where does this text probably come from?
A．Science fiction.
B．Children’s literature.
C．An advertisement.
D．A science report.

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

The first flights of the new airlines that will take tourists into space are ready to take off in 2012, and getting a seat on one is not all that different from booking a trip someplace on Earth. You can sign up on the website of, say, Virgin Galactic，the most well­known of the new space tourism companies, or go to an approved travel agency and put down a large deposit. Soon you will be able to buy travel insurance，just as you can for any other vacation.
Until now，space tourism has been limited to the ultrawealthy. Just seven people have paid tens of millions of dollars each for a trip to the International Space Station aboard a Russian rocket.
But that could change this year, when Virgin Galactic intends to start offering flights just beyond the space barrier on a rocket ship it has built, featuring five minutes of weightlessness during a two­and­a­half­hour tour. At $ 200,000 a seat, this will open the final frontier to far more people.
At least two other specialty airlines have jumped in as well, taking reservations and deposits for future space flights.Allianz, the big insurer, will introduce an insurance product in 2012, lending space tourism the trappings of the regular travel industry.
“Just to be able to sell space travel as a regular part of your business, really, just how cool is that？” said Lynda Turley Garrett, president of Alpine Travel of Saratoga, Calif.，who is one of 58 accredited space agents for Virgin Galactic in the United States.
In five years，Ms.Garrett has sold three seats. But she expects that to change once passengers start going up and coming down to tell their friends. “By 2017，it'll be just like scheduling a flight to L．A.，” Ms.Garrett predicted.
小題1:If you want to book a flight to space in 2012, you can________.
A．go to any travel agency
B．telephone Virgin Galactic
C．pay a visit to Allianz
D．sign up on the website of Virgin Galactic
小題2:From Paragraph 2 we can know that ________.
A．only the extremely rich people can afford the space trip
B．seven people have paid tens of millions of dollars for a space trip
C．Russia is the first country to build the space station
D．ordinary people are not allowed to take space tour
小題3:Which of the following is true of Virgin Galactic?
A．It is one of the approved space agencies.
B．It is a famous space tourism company.
C．It sells insurance products to space tourists.
D．Its rocket has carried space passengers successfully.
小題4:What does the underlined word “trappings” in Paragraph 4 probably refer to?
A．Standard uniforms.
B．Traditional decorations.
C．Symbolic signs.
D．Personal belongings.
小題5:What does Ms. Garrett think of the future space travel?
A．Common.　B．Changeable.
C．Flexible.　D．Reasonable.

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Barack Obama, Lady Gaga and Steve Jobs—what do they have in common? They are, of course, all Americans. And according to a survey by social networking site badoo. com, they all best illustrate(舉例說明) the word “cool”.

But just what does it mean to say someone is “cool”? Most would answer that it is something to do with being independent-minded and not following the crowd.
Yale University art professor Robert Farris Thompson says that the term “cool” goes back to 15th century West African philosophy(哲學).  “Cool” relates to ideas of grace(優(yōu)雅) under pressure.
“In Africa, ” he writes, “coolness is a positive quality which combines calmness, silence, and life.”
The modern idea of “cool” developed largely in the US in the period after World War II. “Post-war ‘cool’ was in part an expression of war-weariness (n. 厭戰(zhàn)情緒)
. . . it went against the strict social rules of the time,” write sociologists Dick Pountain and David Robins in Cool Rules:Anatomy of an Attitude.
But it was the American actor James Dean who became the symbol for “cool” in the hugely successful 1955 movie Rebel without a Cause.  Dean plays a tough guy who disobeys his parents and the authorities. He always gets the girl, smokes cigarettes, wears a leather jacket and beats up bullies(欺凌弱小者). In the movie, Dean showed what “cool” would mean to American young people for the next 60 years.
Today the focus of “cool” has changed to athletics (體育運動) stars. Often in movies about schools, students gain popularity on the athletics field more than in the classroom. This can be seen quite clearly in movies like Varsity Blues and John Tucker Must Die.
But many teenagers also think being smart is cool. Chess and other thinking games have been becoming more popular in schools.
“Call it the Harry Potterization of America—a time when being smart is the new cool,” writes journalist Joe Sunnen.
小題1:Barack Obama, Lady Gaga and Steve Jobs are mentioned in the first paragraph to ________.
A．introduce the topicB．draw our attention
C．tell us what they have in commonD．tell us what is “cool”
小題2:If you were considered “cool” in Africa in the 15th century, you ________.
A．thought and acted differently from the majority
B．had a calm and quiet attitude towards life
C．didn’t observe rules and authorities
D．had all kinds of “bad” manners
小題3:The heroes in Varsity Blues and John Tucker Must Die are likely to be those who ________.
A．do very well in their studies
B．a(chǎn)re very skilled at sports
C．a(chǎn)re good at chess and other thinking games.
D．have supernatural powers like Harry Potter
小題4:Which of the following is NOT true according to the article?
A．It is generally considered “cool” to be independent-minded and not to follow the crowd.
B．“Cool” was used as early as the 15th century.
C．Disobeying one’s parents and the authorities is considered “cool” among American young people nowadays.
D．Getting the first place in an exam can also be considered “cool”.
小題5:What does the article mainly talk about?
A．The origin of the word “cool”.
B．The kinds of people who are “cool”.
C．The changing meaning of the word “cool”.
D．How to be a “ cool” person.

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Our love of music and appreciation of musical harmony is learnt and not based on natural ability, a new study by University of Melbourne researchers has found. The researchers said previous theories about how we appreciate music were based on the physical functions of sound, the ear itself and a born ability to hear harmony.
The study shows that musical harmony can be learnt, and it is a matter of training the brain to hear the sounds. So if you thought that the music of some foreign culture (or Jazz) sounded like the crying of cats, it’s simply because you haven’t learnt to listen by their rules.
The researchers used 66 volunteers with a range of musical training and tested their ability to hear combinations of notes(音符) to determine if they found the combinations familiar or pleasing. They found that people needed to be familiar with combinations of notes. If they found the notes unfamiliar they also found the sound unpleasant. This finding put an end to centuries of theories claiming that physical functions of the ear determine what we find attractive.
The study found that trained musicians were much more sensitive to unpleasant notes than non-musicians. When they couldn’t find the note, the musicians reported that the sounds were unpleasant, while non-musicians were much less sensitive. This shows the importance of training or nurturing(培養(yǎng)) the brain to like particular sound of combinations of notes, like those found in jazz or rock.
Depending on their training, a strange chord(和弦) sound was pleasant to some musicians, but very unpleasant to others. This showed us that even the ability to hear a musical note is learnt.
To confirm this finding, they trained 19 non-musicians to find the notes of a random selection of western chords. Not only did the participants’ ability to hear notes improve rapidly, afterward they reported that the chords they had learnt sounded more pleasant -- regardless of how the chords were played.
The question of why some combinations of musical notes are heard as pleasant or unpleasant has long been debated. “We have shown in this study that for music, beauty is in the brain of the beholder(觀看者)”, a researcher said.
小題1:According to the study, people find foreign music quite unpleasant because_____.
A．they hear the music much too often
B．they don’t like the person playing it
C．they have no idea about how to listen
D．they have no born musical ability at all
小題2:Although non-musicians were less sensitive to music, they can still_____.
A．be trained to like particular music
B．make friends with real musicians
C．find the beauty of chords without training
D．enjoy the beauty of music when played by musicians
小題3:The 19 non-musicians were trained in order to show_____.
A．the brain likes particular combinations of notes
B．not a strange note was pleasant to all musicians
C．how the chords were played was very important
D．people’s ability to hear a musical note can be learnt
小題4:What is the main idea of the passage?
A．Love of musical harmony can’t be taught.
B．Love of music is not natural but nurtured.
C．Listening to music can improve your brain.
D．You can be a musician without being trained.

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

The weather predictions for Asia in 2050 read like a story from a doomsday movie.
Many experts and green groups fear they will come true unless there is a united global effort to hold back greenhouse gas outpouring. In the decades to come, Asia---home to more than half the world’s 63 billion people-will change from one climate extreme to another, with tired farmers battling droughts, floods, disease, food shortages and rising sea levels.
“It’s not a pretty picture,” said Steve Sawyer, climate policy adviser with Greenpeace in Amsterdam. Global warming and changes of weather patterns are already occurring and there is more than enough carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to drive climate change for decades to come.
Already, changes are being felt in Asia but worse is likely to come, Sawyer and top climate bodies say, and could lead to mass migration and widespread human disasters. According to predictions, icebergs will melt faster, some Pacific and Indian Ocean islands will have to evacuate(疏散) or build sea defenses, storms will become more intense and insect and water-borne diseases will move into new areas as the world warms.
All this comes with rising populations and demand for food, water and other resources. Experts say environmental worsening such as deforestation and pollution will probably enlarge the results of climate change.
In what could be a sign of the future, Japan was hit by a record of 10 typhoons and tropical storms this year, while two-thirds of Bangladesh, parts of Nepal and large areas of northeastern India were flooded, affecting 50 million people, destroying livelihoods and making tens of thousands ill.
The year before, a winter cold struck and a summer heat wave killed more than 2,000 people in India.
小題1:This passage is mainly about       .
A．what kind of weather we like best
B．the weather predictions for Asia in the future and the reasons
C．how to improve our environment
D．that the world will not be suitable for us to live in
小題2:In the future the Asian farmers will have to face the following except       .
A．food shortagesB．droughtsC．warsD．floods
小題3:The underlined word “doomsday” may give us the feeling of        .
A．happinessB．sadnessC．peaceD．excitement

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

A black hole is a place in space where gravity pulls so much that even light cannot get out. The gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny space. This can happen when a star is dying.
Because no light can get out, people can’t see black holes. Space telescopes with special tools can help find black holes. The special tools can see how stars that are very close to black holes act differently from other ones.
Black holes can be big or small. Scientists think the smallest black holes are as small as just one atom. These black holes are very tiny but have the mass of a large mountain. Mass is the amount of matter, or “staff”, in an object.
Another kind of black hole is called “stellar”(星球黑洞). Its mass can be up to 20 times more than the mass of the sun. There may be many stellar mass black holes in Earth’s galaxy. Earth’s galaxy is called the Milky Way.
The largest black holes are called “supermassive”(超大質(zhì)量黑洞). These black holes have masses that are more than one million suns together. Scientists have found proof that every large galaxy contains a supermassive black hole at its center. The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy has a mass equal to about four million suns and would fit inside a very large ball that could hold a few million Earths.
Scientists think the smallest black holes formed when the universe began. Stellar black holes are made when the center of a very big star falls in upon itself, or falls apart. When this happens, it exploded part of the star into space. Scientists think supermassive black holes were made at the same time as the galaxy they are in.
A black hole can not be seen because strong gravity pulls all of the light into the middle of the black hole. But scientists can see how the strong gravity affects the stars and gas around the black hole. Scientists can study stars to find out if they are flying around, or orbiting a black hole.
When a black hole and a star are close together, high-energy light is made. This kind of light cannot be seen with human eyes. Scientists use satellites and telescopes in space to see the high-energy light.
小題1:The gravity of a black hole may become so strong that light cannot get out when ____________.
A．the star is going to die
B．special tools are used on it
C．other stars come close to it
D．it is seen from the space telescopes
小題2:According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?
A．A black hole can be very tiny but extremely heavy.
B．The gravity of a black hole holds all light in its center.
C．Scientists observe high-energy light through their own eyes.
D．Some small black holes came into being as early as the universe.
小題3:The underlined word “galaxy” in Paragraph 5 means __________.
A．a(chǎn) black holeB．the Milky Way
C．a(chǎn) series of starsD．a(chǎn) planet near the earth
小題4:What does the last sentence in Paragraph 5 suggest?
A．Neither the sun nor the earth is as heavy as a black hole.
B．There is a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way.
C．The supermassive black hole had existed before the Milky Way was formed.
D．There is a reason why the large black holes are called “supermassive”.
小題5:The last two paragraph mainly focus on the question of _________.
A．what a black hole is
B．how black holes form
C．how big black holes are
D．how scientists know about black holes

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解



At the moment, there are two reliable ways to make electricity from sunlight. You can use a panel of solar cells to create the current directly, by liberating electrons from a semiconducting material such as silicon. Or you can concentrate the sun’s rays using mirrors, boil water with them, and employ the steam to drive a generator.
Both work. But both are expensive. Gang Chen of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Zhifeng Ren of Boston College therefore propose an alternative. They suggest that a phenomenon called the thermoelectric（熱電）effect might be used instead—and they have built a prototype（原型）to show that the idea is practical.
Thermoelectric devices are not new. They are used, for example, to capture waste heat from car engines. They work because certain materials generate an electrical potential difference within themselves if one part is hotter than another. That can be used to drive a current through an external circuit.
The reason thermoelectric materials have not, in the past, been applied successfully to the question of solar power is that to get a worthwhile current you have to have a significant temperature difference. (200℃ is considered a good starting point.) In a car engine, that is easy. For sunlight, however, it means concentrating the heat in some way. And if you are going to the trouble of building mirrors to do that, you might as well go down the steam-generation route, which is a much more efficient way of producing electricity. If the heat concentration could be done without all the equipment of mirrors, though, thermoelectricity’s inefficiency would be balanced by the cheapness of the equipment.
In their view, three things are needed to create a workable solar-thermoelectric device. The first is to make sure that most of the sunlight which falls on it is absorbed, rather than being reflected. The second is to choose a thermoelectric material which conducts heat badly but electricity well. The third is to be certain that the temperature gradient（梯度）which that badly conducting material creates is not wasted by poor design.
小題1:The following methods can be adopted to make electricity from sunlight EXCEPT         .
A．putting a panel of solar cells into use
B．concentrating sun’s rays with mirrors
C．creating a solar-thermoelectric device
D．building a practical solar prototype
小題2:Why was the application of thermoelectric materials a failure in the past?
A．Because it’s hard for them to build enough mirrors to make it work.
B．Because 200℃ was hard to reach at that time even in a car engine.
C．Because of the failure of having a significant temperature difference.
D．Because it was hard to focus the sun’s rays with equipment of mirrors.
小題3:Which of the following is the best title for this passage?
A．Thermoelectric Device --- the Best Method of All
B．A New Method of Making Electricity from Sunlight
C．How to Create a Workable Thermoelectric Device
D．Solar Power --- a New Energy Trend in the Future

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