Researchers in the psychology department at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) have discovered a major difference in the way men and women respond to stress. This difference may explain why men are more likely to suffer from stress-related disorders.
Until now, psychological research has maintained that both men and women have the same "fight-or-flight" reaction to stress. In other words, individuals either react with aggressive behavior, such as verbal or physical conflict ("fight"), or they react by withdrawing from the stressful situation ("flight"). However, the UCLA research team found that men and women have quite different biological and behavioral responses to stress. While men often react to stress in the fight-or-flight response, women often have another kind of reaction which could be called "tend and befriend." That is, they often react to stressful conditions by protecting and nurturing their young ("tend"), and by looking for social contact and support from others - especially other females ('befriend").
Scientists have long known that in the fight-or- flight reaction to stress, an important role is played by certain hormones(激素) released by the body. The UCLA research team suggests that the female tend-or-befriend response is also based on a hormone. This hormone, called oxytocin, has been studied in the context of childbirth, but now it is being studied for its role in the response of both men and women to stress. The principal investigator, Dr. Shelley E. Taylor, explained that "animals and people with high levels of oxytocin are calmer, more relaxed, more  social, and less anxious." While men also secrete(分泌）oxytocin, its effects are reduced by male hormones.
In terms of everyday behavior, the UCLA study found that women are far more likely than men to seek social contact when they are feeling stressed. They may phone relatives or friends, or ask directions if they are lost.
The study also showed how fathers and mothers responded differently when they came home to their family after a stressful day at work. The typical father wanted to be left alone to enjoy some peace and quiet. For a typical mother, coping with a bad day at work meant focusing her attention on her children and their needs.
The differences in responding to stress may explain the fact that women have lower frequency of stress-related disorders such as high blood pressure or aggressive behavior. The tend-and-befriend regulatory(調(diào)節(jié)的) system may protect women against stress, and this may explain why women on average live longer than men.
小題1:The UCLA study shows that in response to stress, men are more likely than women to _____ .
A．turn to friends for helpB．solve a conflict calmly
C．find an escape from realityD．seek comfort from children
小題2:Which of the following is true about oxytocin according to the passage?
A．Men have the same level of oxytocin as women do.
B．Oxytocin used to be studied in both men and women.
C．Both animals and people have high levels of oxytocin.
D．Oxytocin has more of an effect on women than on men.
小題3:What can be learned from the passage?
A．Male hormones help build up the body's resistance to stress.
B．In a family a mother cares more about children than a father does.
C．Biological differences lead to different behavioral responses to stress.
D．The UCLA study was designed to confirm previous research findings.
小題4:Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A．How men and women get over stress
B．How men and women suffer from stress
C．How researchers overcome stress problems
D．How researchers handle stress-related disorders

小題1:C
小題2:D
小題3:C
小題4:A

【文章大意】本文是一篇科技調(diào)查報告。本文主要介紹男女對壓力反應(yīng)的區(qū)別和原因以及如何克服壓力。
小題1:根據(jù)第二段“men often react to stress in the fight-or-flight response”和“they react by withdrawing from the stressful situation ("flight")”可判斷男人更可能從現(xiàn)實中逃脫出來。
【考點定位】細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。
小題2:根據(jù)第三段 an important role is played by certain hormones(激素) released by the body和men also secrete(分泌）oxytocin, its effects are reduced by male hormones可判斷，激素扮演重要角色，但是男人也分泌oxytocin，但受男性荷爾蒙的影響，它的作用降低了。故選D。
【考點定位】細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。
小題3:根據(jù)第五段第一句“The study also showed how fathers and mothers responded differently when they came home to their family after a stressful day at work”可判斷選D。
【考點定位】細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。
小題4:根據(jù)第一段的中心句：a major difference in the way men and women respond to stress.可知：本文由介紹男女對壓力反應(yīng)的區(qū)別和原因然后主要談男女如何克服壓力。
【考點定位】主旨大意題。
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

We sometimes think global warming or climate change is a problem very far away from our lives, and that only the government needs to worry about it. But it's hardly possible to completely stay out of it ­ scientists are now 95 percent sure that humans have been the “dominant cause” of global warming trends since the 1950s.
One of the conclusions of a report released on Sept 27 by the United Nations says that human activities have caused global temperatures to rise by 0.89 0C between 1901 and 2012. That might not seem like a lot, but the truth is that a major part of that heat has been absorbed into the oceans, which is not surprising given that they cover two thirds of Earth's surface. Also, water has a much greater capacity (容量) to absorb heat than the air does, according to The Economist.　
While many greenhouse gases occur naturally and are needed to keep the Earth warm enough to support life, humans' use of fossil fuels is the main source of excess (多余的) greenhouse gases. According to CNN, by driving cars, using electricity produced by burning coal and oil or heating our homes with coal or natural gas, we release a large amount of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
Your body can barely feel a difference of 0.89 0C, but the Earth's ecosystems are so sensitive that even small changes can disturb them. It often starts with the smallest creatures at the bottom of the food chain, eventually affecting bigger animals, many of which could end up becoming extinct.
Global warming is also linked to an increase in extreme weather. A larger amount of carbon dioxide traps more energy inside the atmosphere. This changes the patterns of storms and rainfall in many regions and can lead to droughts and floods. Worse still, melting sea ice in warmer oceans is causing sea levels to rise at a speed of more than three millimeters per year, according to The Guardian, which also increases the risk of flooding.
“The report should serve as another wake­up call that our activities today have a profound impact on society, not only for us, but for many generations to come，” French Michel Jarraud, secretary­general of the World Meteorological Organization, said at a news conference.
小題1:The underlined word “dominant” in the first paragraph means “ ________”．
A．common　　　　 　　　B．indirect
C．secondaryD．leading
小題2:Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Greenhouse gases have been proven to harm merely the Earth .
B．There is little we can do to prevent global warming.
C．Global warming can increase the chances of droughts and floods.
D．The hugeness of oceans makes them better absorbers of heat than the air.
小題3:The rise in global temperatures between 1901 and 2012 ________.
A．is more harmful to smaller creatures than bigger ones
B．is not serious because most of the extra heat has been absorbed by the oceans
C．has made the Earth's ecosystems more sensitive to changes
D．is likely to cause many species to become extinct
小題4:What is Michel Jarraud's attitude toward the report released by the UN?
A．Negative.B．Supportive.
C．Doubtful.D．Uninterested.

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

IT’S never a real problem for us when the weather gets cold. We can put on more clothes, stay next to a fireplace, turn on the air conditioner or simply travel to a warmer city to spend the winter – people have many different ways of coping with the cold.
But things are not as easy for plants. Unlike humans, plants can’t move to escape the cold or generate heat to keep themselves warm. So how do they manage to survive the freezing winter?
It turns out that plants have their own strategies too, said a study published on Dec 22 in the journal Nature.
According to researcher Amy Zanne of George Washington University, US, the cold is a big challenge for plants. Their living tissues can be damaged when they freeze. “It’s like a plant’s equivalent to frostbite (凍瘡),” Zanne told Science Daily. Also, the process of freezing and thawing (解凍) can cause air bubbles to form in the plant’s water transport system. “If enough of these air bubbles come together as water thaws they can block the flow of water from the roots to the leaves and kill the plant,” she explained.
To live through cold weather, plants have developed three traits, according to the study. Some plants, such as oak trees, avoid freezing damage by dropping their leaves before the winter chill sets in – effectively shutting off the flow of water between roots and leaves – and growing new leaves and water transport cells when the warm spring returns.
Other plants, pine trees for example, protect themselves by narrowing their water transport cells, which makes it easier for cells to travel among air bubbles.
The third strategy is also the most extreme – some plants die on the ground in winter and start growing as new plants from seeds when conditions get warmer.
However, the study also found that these smart strategies were developed very slowly – over millions of years of evolution. This leads scientists to worry that plants may not be able to deal with human-caused climate change, which has only started occurring over the past few decades.
Scientists are hoping that this study can help people find possible ways to save plants from the threat of climate change.
小題1:What is the article mainly about?
A．Why plants are not afraid of the winter chill.
B．The ways that plants survive cold weather.
C．Changes in plants’ water transport system in winter.
D．How plants evolve to keep up with climate change.
小題2:According to the article, if a plant freezes in the winter, ______.
A．it produces more living tissues to stay alive
B．its leaves quickly fall out and its roots begin to die
C．lots of air bubbles form in its water transport system
D．its water transport system could be blocked in the spring
小題3:How do oak trees usually survive the cold winters?
A．By dropping their leaves before winter.
B．By narrowing their water transport cells.
C．By widening their water transport cells.
D．By leaving only the seeds alive and growing from the seeds in the spring.
小題4:What are scientists worried about when it comes to plants according to the article?
A．Plants may not be able to adapt to the increasingly cold climate.
B．Human activities might have a great impact on the pace of plants’ evolution.
C．Plants may not be able to evolve fast enough to adapt to human-caused climate change.
D．The strategies plants develop are not good enough to protect them against cold.

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

A good modern newspaper is an extraordinary piece of reading. It is unusual for what it contains: the news from local crime to international politics, from sports to business to fashion to science, and the comments and special features(特寫)as well, from editorial page to feature articles, from interviews to criticism of books, art, theatre, and music. A newspaper is even more unusual for the way one reads it never completely, never straight through, but always by jumping from here to there, in and out, glancing at one piece, reading another article all the way through, reading just a few paragraphs of the next.
A good modern newspaper offers a variety to attract many different readers, but far more than any one reader is interested in. What brings this variety together in one place is its topicality, that is, its immediate relation to what is happening in your world and your locality now. But this immediacy and the speed of production that goes with it also mean that much of what appears in a newspaper has no more than temporary value. For all these reasons, no two people really read the same paper: what each person does is to put together, out of the pages of that day’s paper, his own selection and order, his own newspaper. For all these reasons, reading newspapers efficiently which means getting what you want from them without missing things you need but without wasting time, demands skill and self-awareness(意識) as you change and apply the techniques of reading.
小題1:What does the underlined word in the second paragraph mean ?
A．wide coverageB．speed in reporting news
C．various style　　D．popularity among readers
小題2:According to the passage, the reason why no two people really read the same newspaper is that ___________.
A．people are interested in the same kind of news
B．different people prefer different newspapers
C．people scan for the news they are interested in
D．people have different views about what a good newspaper is
小題3:A good newspaper offers “a variety” to readers because ___________.
A．readers like to read different newspapers
B．it has to cover things that happen in a certain locality
C．readers are difficult to please
D．it tries to serve different readers
小題4:The best title for this passage would be ___________.
A．The Characteristics of a Good Newspaper
B．The Importance of a good Newspaper
C．Good Newspapers and Bad Newspapers
D．Some Advice on How to Read a Newspaper

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Humans might be the most highly-evolved species on the planet, but most animals possess skills we can only dream of having. Imagine how much electricity we could save if we could see in the dark the way cats do. Imagine leaping from tree to tree like a monkey. Giraffes, which are otherwise calm and good-natured, sleep only 4.6 hours a day.
We realized a long, long time ago that nature provides the best blueprint for invention. We’ve borrowed canals from beavers and reflectors from cat’s eyes. Although the words “bionics”(仿生學(xué)) became popular only after the 1960s, history shows that nature has always provided ideas on solving everyday problems. Our archives(檔案) don’t go back to the time of Leonardo da Vinci and his bird-like flying machines, but we can take you to the late 19th century, where we applied those same principles for building our first practical airplanes.
To prepare for their flight at Kitty Hawk, the Wright brothers studied the movements of pigeons to figure out how they stayed high up when they were heavier than air. Their success inspired scores of successors to improve on the airplane by studying various aspects of nature. One of Orville Wright’s pupils caught and stuffed seagulls to examine their wingspan. Meanwhile, two French inventors examined spinning sycamore(梧桐) seeds in an effort to apply those same motions, reversed, to a helicopter .
Some examples are more obvious than others. The outside of the airplane designed by the Wright brothers looks like a minimalistic(簡單抽象藝術(shù)) structure. On the other hand, Barney Connett’s fish submarine actually looks like a fish.
Some bio-inspired concepts have yet to be invented. In the 1960s, the US Army commissioned several university professors to conduct research on the motor skills animals in hope of applying those same abilities to tanks. Tanks that run like horses or jump like grasshoppers(螞蚱)-sounds shocking, doesn’t it? But imagine how life would change if we could achieve that.
小題1:“Cats”, “monkeys” and “giraffes” mentioned in paragraph 1 are examples to show______.
A．they are highly-evolved species as humans
B．a(chǎn)nimals have skills that humans do not possess
C．humans can learn animals’ skills
D．they are skillful in different ways
小題2:What happened after the Wright brothers’ success?
A．People carried out a systematic study on pigeons.
B．People studied more animals and plants to develop the airplane.
C．People could fly their airplane for fun.
D．People kept their airplane at a French gallery.
小題3:Which of the following is true about the research carried out by the US Army?
A．It has cost a large sum of money.
B．It has changed our life.
C．It has improved the abilities of tanks
D．It has not succeeded yet.
小題4:What does the writer want to tell in the passage?
A．many inventions get ideas from nature.
B．Some animals possess unique skills.
C．People should protect nature.
D．Bionics is far from perfect

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Vans, Keds, Dollies—they sound like the names of rock bands，but if you have teenagers, you'll know they’re actually the latest in teenage footwear.
But experts are now warning that the current shoe fashions will be causing teenagers discomfort in the short term and storing up years of foot, knee and back pain in the future. Here, the experts identify the problems caused by teenagers’ shoe choice.
KEDS/VANS

Slip­on shoes with elastic (彈性的) sides are particularly popular among teenage boys—with Keds and Vans the most sought-after brands.
The main problem is that they are just too flat—so flat that the heel, which strikes the ground first, also becomes damaged and painful.
BALLET PUMPS

The worst shoes of all are such light and thin dolly shoes. The problem is partly their flatness, as with Keds and Vans. However ballet pumps, which have no string or heel, have other specific problems.
“As the shoe has no fastening device, it relies on the toes to keep the shoe on, causing an awkward gait (步法) , this leads to short—and long-term problems such as calluses (繭子), heel and knee pain.”
WEDGES AND STILETTOS

These shoes can also cause problems with gait. They may look good, but the heels on these are so high they can force the wearer’s body weight forward, making them very unstable.
Teens who wear these shoes regularly are also in danger of joining those millions of women with constant back pain.
SCHOOL SHOES
So what do podiatrists (足科醫(yī)生)have on their wish list, especially for everyday wear?
Something in a natural, breathable fabric, with a string to hold it on，with a small heel and a deep toe­box that does not press the toes，such as Clark's，Marks & Spencer or Rhino.
If your teen insists on wearing “bad” shoes, get them some simple foot orthotics(矯形器) in the shoes. These support and correct the movement of the foot and, properly fitted by a podiatrist, can often transform their walk and halt the damage.
小題1:Of all the shoes mentioned in the passage, which can cause the worst problems?
A．Ballet Pumps.B．Wedges & Stilettos.C．Keds and VansD．Marks & Spencer.
小題2:The underlined word “halt” in the last paragraph probably means________.
A．increaseB．stopC．worsenD．cure
小題3:From this passage we can infer________.
A．podiatrists are expert at producing branded shoes
B．fashionable shoes all have orthotics in them
C．experts are strongly against wearing popular shoes
D．trendy shoes may ruin teenager’ health

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Where do you find out about the world’s longest walk? The world's tallest man? The world's oldest woman? You know the answer, of course. It is the Guinness Book of World Records. How would people find such unusual facts without this book?
Guinness Book did not exist until 1951. Here is what happened. The managing director of Guinness Brewery was a curious man. He wanted answers to some questions about records. For example, he wanted to know what was the fastest flying game bird in Europe. But he was frustrated. There was no book to answer questions like this.
The director, Sir Hugh Beaver, contacted the McWhirter twins. They were brothers who owned a research agency. He asked them to put together a new reference book. It would include all kinds of unusual records. The brothers quickly accepted. The first edition of their book was published in 1955. Soon the Guinness Book of World Records was a best seller. It has sold more copies than any book except the Bible. A new edition is published every year.
Where do all the book's records come from? They are a combination of things like natural wonders, sports records, and stunts(特技) (How many people would push an egg with their noses if they weren’t trying to get to the book?). But the editors try to keep things honest. All records must be verified by an investigator. Only then are they printed.
The Guinness Book is a big business. It is published in dozens of languages. There are TV shows and museums. It is proof of how interested people are in strange pieces of information.
小題1:The passage is mostly about _____.
A．the McWhirter twins
B．the director Sir Hugh Beaver
C．unusual records in the Guinness Book
D．a(chǎn) history of the Guinness Book
小題2:The Guinness Book _____.
A．is a best seller
B．is published only in English
C．does not always check its records
D．has a full-length movie based on it
小題3:It is clear from the passage that the McWhirter twins _____.
A．wanted to publish the book so that they set up a research agency
B．owned so good a research agency that they liked to help others
C．recognizes that Sir Hugh's idea for a book was a good one
D．wanted to know the answers to some questions about records
小題4:In this passage, the underlined word "verified" means _____.
A．questionedB．proved the truthC．written upD．blocked

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Global warming happens when greenhouse gases trap heat and light from the sun in the earth’s atmosphere, which increases the temperature. This is like when heat is trapped in a car. On a hot day, the car gets hotter when it is out in the parking lot. This is because the heat and light from the sun can get into the car, by going through the windows，but it can’t get back out. This is what the greenhouse effect does to the earth .The heat and light can get through the atmosphere, but it can’t get out As a result，the temperature rises.
Sometimes the temperature can change in a way that helps us. The greenhouse effect makes the earth appropriate for people to live on Without it，the earth would be freezing，or it would be burning hot. It would be freezing at night because we would not get the sun’s heat and light .During the day, especially during the summer, it would be burning because the sun would be up with no atmosphere to filter(過濾)it，so people，plants，and animals would be exposed to all the light and heat.
Although the greenhouse effect makes the earth able to have people living on it，if there gets to be too many gases，the each can get unusually warmer, and many plants，animals．a(chǎn)nd people will die. Plants would die because they would not be able to take the heat .This would cause us to have less food to eat, and it would also limit the food that animals have. With less food for the animals that we need to survive we would even have less food. Gradually, people，plants，and animals would all die of hunger．
People are doing many things to try to stop global warming .One thing is carpooling—driving with someone to a place that you are both going to. Another thing is being more careful about leaving electrical devices turned on. Now, more people are even riding buses or bikes to lower the amount of greenhouse gases in the air .Although adults do many things to help stop global warming, kids call do just as much.
小題1:By the example given in Paragraph l, the author wants to__________.
A．explain how global warming happens
B．show his feeling in a car in hot summer
C．tell us cars are causes of greenhouse gases
D．say that I there are greenhouse gases in every car
小題2:The underlined word ‘it” in Paragraph 2 refers to__________.
A．lightB．greenhouse effectC．temperatureD．heat
小題3:What is the effect of atmosphere?
A．IT only traps the heat of the sun.
B．It does great harm to humans.
C．It makes the earth neither to hot nor too cold.
D．It prevents all the light from the sun shining on the earth.
小題4:What is the main idea of the third paragraph?
A．lf there is greenhouse effect．a(chǎn)ll the plants will die
B．Human beings are likely to disappear from the earth
C．Crops can ′t take in the heat lf there is greenhouse effect
D．Although greenhouse effect is necessary．Too much of it will cause us to die.
小題5:What will the author most probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?
A．What kids can do to help stop global warming.
B．Who should be responsible for the environmental problems.
C．What global warming is doing to the environment.
D．Why cars and buses pollute the air a lot

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