Historically, the term “fair trade” has meant many things. The Fair Trade League was
36 in Britain in 1881 to restrict
37 from foreign countries. In the United States, businesses and labor unions
38 “fair trade” laws to construct構(gòu)建what economist Joseph Stiglitz calls “barriers to imports.” These so called “anti-dumping(反傾銷)” laws allow a company that
39 a foreign one of selling a product below cost to request that the government charge收費special taxes to protect it from “unfair”
40 .
Such dark protectionist thoughts are far from the
41 of the organizers of the United Kingdom’s annual “Fairtrade Fortnight”. Their
42 aim is to raise the price paid to developing-country farmers for their
43 by cutting out the inflated profits虛抬利潤of the middlemen on whom they
44 for getting their goods to distant markets. Fair-trade products
45 cocoa, coffee, tea, and bananas do not compete with domestic European production, and
46 do not have a protectionist motive(動機).
This is how it works: In
47 for being paid a guaranteed price and meeting “agreed labor and environmental standards” (minimum wages, no farm chemicals ), poor-country farming cooperatives(合作社) receive a FAIRTRADE mark for their products, given
48 by the FAIRTRADE Labeling Organization. This mark
49 supermarkets and other businesses to sell the products at a higher than
50 price . Third-world farmers get their income increased,
51 first-world consumers get to feel virtuous: a marriage made in heaven.
The fair-trade movement,
52 in the 1980’s, has been growing rapidly. In a significant breakthrough in 1997, the British House of Commons
53 to serve only fair-trade coffee. By the end of 2007, more than 600 producers’ organizations,
54 1.4 million farmers in 58 countries, were selling fair-trade products. Today, a quarter of all bananas in UK supermarkets are sold under a FAIRTRADE mark. But FAIRTRADE-labeled products still represent a very
55 share—typically less than 1%—of global sales of cocoa, tea, coffee, etc.
小題1: | A.discovered | B.founded | C.encouraged | D.promoted |
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小題2: | A.imports | B.exports | C.output | D.trade |
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小題3: | A.disobey | B.break | C.use | D.study |
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小題4: | A.suspects | B.needs | C.wants | D.a(chǎn)dvertises |
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小題5: | A.a(chǎn)greement | B.contract | C.game | D.competition |
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小題6: | A.worries | B.minds | C.comments | D.projects |
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小題7: | A.educational | B.political | C.worthy高尚 | D.immediate |
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小題8: | A.favour | B.benefit | C.interest | D.produce (n.農(nóng)產(chǎn)品) |
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小題9: | A.depend | B.spend | C.look | D.a(chǎn)pply |
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小題10: | A.a(chǎn)s | B.like | C.with | D.for |
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小題11: | A.instead | B.otherwise | C.therefore | D.a(chǎn)nyhow |
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小題12: | A.fear | B.store | C.preparation | D.exchange |
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小題13: | A.secretly | B.publicly | C.officially | D.successfully |
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小題14: | A.urges | B.enables | C.orders | D.forces |
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小題15: | A.normal | B.potential | C.lowest | D.best |
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小題16: | A.when | B.while | C.a(chǎn)s | D.but |
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小題17: | A.launched | B.a(chǎn)rranged | C.invented | D.developed |
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小題18: | A.wanted | B.refused | C.had | D.decided |
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小題19: | A.telling | B.representing | C.Choosing | D.receiving |
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小題20: | A.small | B.little | C.good | D.large |
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