Fish species are expected to shrink in size by up to 24% because of global warming, say scientists.
The scientists argue that failure to control greenhouse gas emissions will have a greater effect on marine ecosystems than previously thought. Previous research has suggested that changing ocean temperatures would affect both the distribution and the reproductive abilities of many species of fish. This new work suggests that fish size would also be heavily affected.
The researchers built a model to see how fish would react to lower levels of oxygen in the water. As ocean temperatures increase, so do the body temperatures of fish. But, according to lead author, Dr William Cheung, from the University of British Columbia, the lower level of oxygen in the water is key. Warmer waters could decrease ocean oxygen levels and greatly reduce fish body weight. On the other hand, rising temperatures directly increase the metabolic rate of the fish's body function. This leads to an increase in oxygen demand for normal body activities. So the fish will run out of oxygen for growth at a smaller body size.
The research team also used its model to predict fish movements as a result of warming waters. The group believes that most fish populations will move towards the Earth's poles at a rate of up to 35km per decade. "So in, say, the North Sea," says Dr Cheung," one would expect to see more smaller-body fish from tropical waters in the future."
Taking these factors into consideration, the research team concludes that fish body size will shrink between 14% and 24%, with the largest decreases in the Indian and Atlantic oceans.
When compared with actual observations of fish sizes, the model seems to underestimate what's actually happening in the seas. The researchers looked at two case studies involving North Atlantic cod and haddock. They found that recorded data on these fish showed greater decreases in body size than the models had predicted.
Dr Alan Baudron, from the University of Aberdeen, UK, believes smaller-sized fish could seriously affect the ability of fish to reproduce. "Smaller fish produce fewer and smaller eggs which could affect the reproductive potential of fish stocks," he said.
小題1:What's the main idea of the passage?

A．Global warming makes fish smaller.

B．Global warming makes fish decrease in numbers.

C．Global warming affects the fish distribution.

D．Global warming affects the ability of fish to reproduce.

小題2:What is the key factor making the fish smaller now?

A．The rising body temperatures.

B．The lower level of oxygen in the water.

C．The increasing metabolic rate.

D．The normal body activities.

小題3:We can infer that as ocean temperatures increase          .

A．more big fish will be born in the sea

B．fish tend to swim towards the shore

C．fish tend to move towards the warm areas

D．fish tend to move towards the colder areas

小題4:What does the underlined word "underestimate" mean?

A．make an exact prediction of	B．make too low an estimate of
C．make too high an estimate of	D．make a careful study of

Attempts to understand the relationship between social behavior and health have their origin in history. Dubos (1969) suggested that primitive（原始的）humans were closer to the animals because they, too, relied upon their instincts to stay healthy. Yet some primitive humans recognized a cause and effect relationship between doing certain things and alleviating（減輕）symptoms of a disease or improving the condition of a wound. Since there was so much that primitive humans did not understand about the functioning of the body, magic became an integral component of the beliefs about the causes and cures of health disorders. So it is not surprising that early humans thought that illness was caused by evil spirits. Primitive medicines made from vegetables or animals were invariably used in combination with some form of ritual (禮儀) to drive harmful spirits away from a diseased body.
One of the earliest attempts in the Western world to formulate principles of health care based upon rational thought and rejection of supernatural phenomena is found in the work of the Greek physician Hippocrates. Little is known of Hippocrates who lived around 400 B.C., not even whether he actually authored the collection of books that bears his name. Nevertheless, the writings attributed to him have provided a number of principles underlying modern medical practice. One of his most famous contributions, the Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of contemporary medical ethics (道德). Among other things, it requires a physician to swear that he or she will help the sick, keep oneself from intentional wrong-doing or harm, and keep secret all matters to keep the doctor-patient relationship.
Hippocrates also argued that medical knowledge should be derived（源自于）from an understanding of the natural sciences and the logic of cause and effect relationships. In this classic thesis, On Airs, Waters, and Places, Hippocrates pointed out that human-being is influenced by the totality of environmental factors: living habits or lifestyle, climate, geography of the land, and the quality of air and food. Interesting enough, concerns about our health and the quality of air, water, and places are still very much written in the twentieth century.
小題1:The topic of the first paragraph is summarized in ________.

A．the first sentence of the paragraph

B．the second sentence of the paragraph

C．the third sentence of the paragraph

D．the last sentence of the paragraph

小題2:Why did primitive humans rely on magic in their beliefs about the causes and cures of diseases?

A．Because magic was an inseparable part of their life.

B．Because they had little knowledge about the functioning of the body.

C．Because the diseases were caused by the evil spirits.

D．Because magic must be used in going through the rituals to drive out the evil spirits.

小題3:Considering Hippocrates’ background, we can see from the second paragraph that ________.

A．he was the forefather of modern medicine

B．experts are sure that the books bearing his name were not written by him

C．he had a rational mind aided by supernatural instincts

D．experts do not know much about him except when and where he lived

小題4:All of the following are included in the Hippocratic Oath EXCEPT ________.

A．helping patients

B．keeping oneself from harming patients

C．keeping secret all matters to maintain a good relationship with the patients

D．obeying rules for modern medicine practice

小題5:Which of the following best expressed the main idea of the last paragraph?

A．Doctor’s concerns remain unchanged.

B．Medicine comes from nature.

C．Environment affects health.

D．Climate determines lifestyle.

A study suggests that although most students at UK universities are happy with their courses, dissatisfaction has grown as fees rise．The study highlights a big variation in teaching time, and lists different ideas about the value of getting university degrees．
Katharine Collins, a second-year college student
The course has been very interesting, but I was expecting a little more one-to-one time with my teacher．
We do about four assignments （作業(yè)） each term, each of which is about 3,000 words．However, sometimes they are not that helpful．We hope to be given the right to write feedback （反饋） after every assignment, but we had no feedback at all throughout the first year．We are given grades about three weeks after we hand the assignments in．There is no feedback on where we have gone wrong or how we might improve．
Lee Millington, a creative-writing student
I choose the courses because of its reputation．There is a lack of one-to-one teaching．I would like personalized feedback from an expert in my field of writing．Some of the lectures have been quite helpful but they try to use too many different styles of writing．For example, if you want to be a poet, you might find that the lectures focus too much on novels．
I think there is too much attention paid to sharing our work in workshops and giving each other feedback．I think there should be more time given to actual teaching, rather than to feedback from people who are at a similar level to me．
Reporters from Hounsdown Secondary School, Ella, 16
When I work independently, I feel I have more freedom to develop my ideas and come up with more original viewpoints．The price of university will still be worth it to get the qualifications （資格證書）necessary for better jobs．
Tyier, 16
Although the cost of university is very high now, I think university is required for gaining a good and well-paid job．
Agencies
小題1:We can learn from the beginning of the article that           .

A．Most of the university students at UK are dissatisfied with their courses.

B．The higher and higher pay for their courses accounts for the rise of the UK students’ dissatisfaction.

C．All the students at UK universities hold a similar attitude towards the value of getting university degrees.

D．The student’s purpose is to highlight the importance of gaining a university diploma.

小題2:According to Katharine Collins in Paragraph 2, we can infer that           .

A．She is content with the assignments given in each term.

B．She has never been given one-to-one time with her teacher before.

C．She didn’t think highly of the value of the assignments at the university.

D．She benefits from the assignments a lot because they are helpful.

小題3:Why does Lee Millington choose the course-- writing?

A．Because he wants to be a great writer in the future.

B．Because he is interested in it from his heart.

C．Because he hope to make a better living before long．

D．Because the course has a high reputation in society．

小題4:Who will most tend to be a professional novelist among the students mentioned in the passage?

A．Ella．

B．Tyler．

C．Lee．

D．Katharine．

小題5:What does the author mainly tell us at UK in this passage?

A．The value for university degrees．

B．The higher pay for courses at university．

C．The terrible assignments at university．

D．The puzzle of the students at university．

Cloud seeding is a method of artificially causing clouds to produce precipitation （降水） in the form of rain or snow．Cloud seeding has also been used in attempts to modify the severity of hail storms and hurricanes．The effectiveness of cloud seeding remains controversial （有爭議的）．but it continues to be used in some regions to try to increase rainfall for agriculture and to build snow packs for water supplies and power production．
Cloud seeding was developed by American scientists Irving Langmuir and Vincent Joseph Schaefer during and after World War II．Their work began as an effort to learn more about the buildup of ice on airplane wings, and eventually led them to attempt to create rainfall by releasing several pounds of crushed frozen carbon dioxide into a cloud from an airplane．In this form, the carbon dioxide is called dry ice．On November 13, 1946, the technique appeared to produce snow directly under the cloud; the snow then turned to rain as it fell to the ground．
For their experiment, Langmuir and Schaefer selected a supercooled cloud, one in which the water droplets remain liquid in subfreezing temperatures．Their theory was that small grains of dry ice falling through the cloud would cause tiny droplets of water vapor in the cloud to freeze into crystals that attracted more water vapor．Their theory proved to be correct and eventually the crystals became heavy enough to fall from the cloud as snow．As the snow reached the warmer temperatures closer to the ground, it melted and became rain．
Another scientist, Bernard Vonnegut, produced a method of cloud seeding using silver iodide （碘化銀）．He used particles of silver iodide because its crystal structure resembled that of ice in clouds．Silver
iodide also had practical advantages over frozen carbon dioxide It could be stored at room temperature
and did not require an airplane as a delivery mechanism．Instead, silver iodide crystals could be fired by
cannons （大炮） high into the air, where wind carried them into the clouds．
小題1:According to the text, Langmuir and Schaefer had intended to deal with__
A．how to freeze carbon dioxide                      
B．how to remove ice on plane wings
C．how to make weather forecast for the war             
D how to hide planes in clouds at war
小題2:What is the CORRECT order of the course for cloud seeding with dry ice?
a．snow becoming rain in wanner temperatures             b．crystals attracting more water vapor
c．crystals falling in the form of snow                     d．crystals becoming very heavy
e．freezing tiny droplets of water vapor into crystals
f．putting small grains of dry ice in the cloud

A．a(chǎn)-c-f-d-b-e	B．b-f-e-a-c-d
C．f-e-b-d-c-a	D．e-a-d-c-b-f

小題3:Bernard chose silver iodide as a method of cloud seeding because___．

A．it is much cheaper than dry ice	B．it can be stored at any rooms
C．it can be sent into clouds by wind	D．it is similar

小題4:The best title for the passage may be "____"．

A．Cloud Seeding

B．Artificial Raining

C．Weather Changing

D．Cloud Gathering

小題5:How many methods of cloud seeding are mentioned in the passage?

A．three

B．two

C．one

D．four

Researchers conducting a study of hospital stays for over two hundred and eighty six thousand older folks found something interesting in their data.
The number of hospitalizations for heart disease and stroke went down significantly among a certain group of people at a certain time of year. What folks, and what time of year, you ask? Flu season and the lucky people were the ones who got flu shots(流感疫苗).
It’s generally recommended that people over fifty get their flu shots every year. Influenza(流行性感冒) is no small thing. it’s responsible for around thirty six thousand deaths a year in the U. S. alone. Getting the shots also cuts down on the chances of get­ting pneumonia(肺炎), which is especially dangerous in seniors.
But what wasn’t known was that there seems to be an added benefit to getting a flu shots in terms of warding off heart problems. The data,in fact, are quite strong in suggesting this is the case.
In this study, flu shots cut clown the number of hospitalizations for heart disease by nineteen percent. Stroke went down sixteen percent one season and a whopping twenty-three percent a second season.These are big results.
So what's the connection between getting a flu shot and having a stronger heart? It isn’t yet known.
Researchers speculate that the flu virus itself may do damage to blood vessels(血管), possibly making clots(血塊)more likely. Blood clots in the heart can cause heart attacks, and blood clots in the brain can cause strokes.
Whatever the specific details are, there's one more good reason to follow your doctor’ s advice and get that annual flu shot.
小題1:According to the study, the number of hospitalizations for heart disease and stroke went down significanntly among the ones who _____.

A．got flu shots after they were ill

B．got flu shots before they were ill

C．got flu shots at the flu season

D．got flu shots whenever convenient

小題2:The benefits of getting flu shots can be listed except that_____.

A．it can cut down on the chances of getting pneumonia

B．it can cut down the number of hospitalizations for heart disease

C．it can kill the flu virus

D．if can make blood clots

小題3:The underlined phrase "warding off" probably means_______.

A．keeping away

B．dealing with

C．setting off

D． picking up

小題4:According to the passage, we'd better ______.

A．work out to fight against influenza	B．get flu shot every year
C．follow our doctor's all advice	D．protect our blood vessels

Many people believe that teaching children music makes them smarter, better able to learn new things. But the organizers of a new study say there's no scientific evidence that early musical training affects the intelligence of young people.
An estimated 80 percent of American adults think music lessons improve children's abilily to learn or their performance in school. They say that the satisfaction for learning to play a new song helps a child express creativity.
Researchers at Harvard University, however, have found that there's one thing musi­cal training does not do. They say it does not make children more intelligent. Samuel Mehr is a graduate student at Harvard's School of Education. He said it is wrong to think that learning to play a musical instrument improves a child's intellectual development. He says the evidence comes from studies that measured the mental ability of two groups of 4-year-olds and their parents. One group attended music class, the other went to a class that places importance on the visual arts—arts that can be seen.
"The evidence there is 'no'. We found no evidence for any advantage on any of these tests for the kids participating in these music clases," said Mehr.Samuel Mehr says researchers have carried out many studies in an effort to learn whether musical training can make children smarter. He says the results have been mixed. He says only one study seems to show a small percentage increase in IQ, intellectual scores among students after one year of music lessons. He does not believe that IQ is a good measure of child's intelligence. He says researchers in his study compared how well children in the musical training group did on mental processing tasks or projects, then the results were compared to those of children who did not take lessons. There was no evidence that the musical training group did much better on the mental tasks than the other group.
The researchers comfirmed the results with a larger group of children and their par­ents.Mr Mehr says music lessons may not offer children a fast easy way to gain entry to the best schools later of their life. But he says the training is still important for cultural reasons. In his words, "We teach music because music is important for us."
小題1:According to the new study, musical training______.

A．makes children smarter

B．helps a child express creativity

C．does not make children more intelligent

D．improve children's ability to learn in school

小題2:Samuel Mehr may agree that______.

A．the children who attended music class are smarter than those who attended arts class

B．IQ is a good measure of a child's intelligence

C．we needn't to teach children music

D．music training is still important for cultural reasons

小題3:In order to confirm his view, Samuel Mehr______.

A．conducted more than one research

B．interviewed many American adults

C．taught two groups of 4-yetr-olds music and arts

D．offered children a fast way to be admitted to the best schools

小題4:The artical may be taken from a report about _____.

A．health

B．education

C．culture

D．economy

The world's largest solar thermal plant(太陽熱能發(fā)電站)is set to begin producing power in the United States by the end of the year. Wind and energy from the sun are generally considered clean, unlike energy from coal-burning power stations. However, environmentalists now worry that too much solar power development could harm the local environment.
A California company — BrightSource Energy is building a huge solar power plant in the Mojave desert, about 60 kilometers southwest of Las Vegas, Nevada. The plant is known as the Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System. Joe Desmond works for the company. "This is actually one of the highest concentrations of sunlight in the world, out here in Ivanpah." explained Desmond. BrightSource Energy will deploy 170,000 specially de­signed mirrors to direct solar energy towards boilers on top of three power towers. The steam produced in the boilers will drive turbine (渦輪) to make electricity. Joe Desmond says the steam can reach temperatures of more than 260 degrees Celsius. "We can store the sun's thermal energy in the form of molten salt, so we can produce electricity even when the sun goes down. There is a lot of interest in concentrating solar power around the globe in environmnents where you have lots of sun, such as China, South Africa, the Mid­dle East, North Africa, explained Desmond.
Environmentalists generally support the idea of solar power, however, many are concerned about the effect of power plants on sensitive environment. Lisa Belenky is a lawyer with the Center for Biological Diversity, a private group. She says environmentalists are specifically worried about the effect of the Ivanpah Solar Project on the sensitive plant and animal life in that part of Mojave desert. "Even though the desert seems big, when you start cutting it up, it can really affect how the species and the animals and the plants are able to survive in the long run,"said Lisa Belenky. BrightSource Energy has already spent more than $ 50 million to move endangered desert tortoises away from the power plant. but Lisa Belenky says this is not the answer. "We should be reusing areas that have a1ready been disturbed, like old mining sites, for example...either on homes, on businesses, parking lots." said Belenky.
There have also been reports of birds dying at the Ivanpah Plant and others like it.
Some birds die after colliding with solar equipment which the animals mistake for water. Other birds were killed or suffered burns after flying through the intense heat at the solar thermal plant. As solar projects increase, environmentalists and developers are considering what to do to reduce bird death.
小題1:Why is the Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System being built in the desert?

A．Because the temperature is extremely high in the desert.

B．Because there is no life in the desert.

C．Because there is much salt in the desert.

D．Because sunlight is highly focused in the desert.

小題2:Why can the plant make electricity at night?

A．Because the sun's thermal energy can be stored in the form of steam.

B．Because the sun's thermal energy can be stored in the form of molten salt.

C．Because the sun'ss thermal energy can be stored through mirrors

D．Because the sun's thermal energy can be stored in the boilers.

小題3:According to Lisa Belenky, in order to reduce the effect,_____.
A. we should move all the plants and animals away from the solar plant
B. we should guide the bird not to hit the solar plant
C we should build the solar plant in disturbed areas
D. we should build the solar plant in the desert
小題4:The author’s attitude towards the solar projects is _____.

A．supportive

B．critical

C．indifferent

D．cautious

It's going to be a chaotic(混亂的)day. How do I know? It’s Monday. OK, joking. But, I do predict that today will be filled with the normal last-minute tasks, fire drills, and unforeseen events. So, how do you keep yourself from being swept away in the stream of chaos? How do you remain calm while others are rushing and panicking? There's a problem… Panic! When things don't go as planned, how do you react? Are you the calm one who works to fix things? Or the one running around like Chicken Little screaming that the sky falling? Getting upset or alarmed can seem like natural reactions to a problem.
Here are a few tips to kelp you remain calm in the face of the storm:
? Don't Panic  You are better able to find a solution if you   aren't panicking. If you can keep your head when others are losing theirs, you will be able to make a dear decision in the chaos.
? There Aren't Many True Emergenaes   My time as a Naval Officer taught me a­bout true emergencies. In the military, when there is a problem, people can get hurt or die. This is not usually the case when the office copier or email server goes down. Keep things in perspective. There are very few true emergencies in life.
? Avoid the "Fight or Flight"   When you are stressed, your body will want to go into "fight or flight." Your body was designed to keep you safe from danger, but its natu­ral reflexes aren't always the best solution against a project gone away. Keep your emotions in check and ensure that your physical reflexes don’t make bad decisions for you.
? Head Into The Problem    While everyone else is running away, true leaders walk into a problem. Sticking your head in the sand only makes things worse. Instead of trying to ignore the situition, get to the heart of the issue as soon as possible. Only then can you address it
How Will You React? When you find yourself ready to lose it, take a step back. Ask, "In this truly an emergcncy?" Keep your head when others are losing theirs. And you'll find that you are that much closer to a solution.
小題1:The author writes the first paragraph in order to______.

A．describe a chaotic day

B．a(chǎn)dvocate a way of life

C．introduce a topic

D．make a joke

小題2:In order to make a wiser decision in the chaos, you should _____.

A．low your head

B．keep your head

C．shake your head

D．stick your head

小題3:The example of the author's time as a Naval Officer is used to illustrate_____.

A．there are seldom true emergencies in life

B．there are many true emergencies in life

C．some emergencies are really urgent

D．some emergencies can't be predicted

小題4:What would the best title for the passage?

A．Fight or Flight

B．True emergencies

C．Less Talking, More Doing

D．Keep calm in the face of the storm

Teaching is more than leadership. Some of the teacher’s time and effort is directed toward instruction, some toward evaluation. But it is the teacher as a group leader who creates an effective organizational structure and good working environment so that instruction and evaluation activities can take place. A group that is totally disorganized, unclear about its goals, or constantly fighting among its members will not be a good learning group. The leadership pattern includes helping to form and maintain a positive learning environment so that instruction and evaluation activities can take place.
On the first day of class, the teacher faces a room filled with individuals. Perhaps a few closely united groups and friendships already exist. But there is no sense of group unity, no set of rules for conduct in the group, no feeling of belonging. If teachers are successful leaders, they will help students develop a system of relationships that encourages working together.
Standards and rules must be set to keep order, make sure of justice and protect individual rights, but do not contradict school policy. What happens when one student hurts another’s individual rights? Without clear regulations agreeable to the students and teachers, the classroom can become chaotic. Students may break rules they did not know existed. If standards are set without participation from the class, students may spend a great deal of creative energy in destroying the class environment or finding ways to break rules.
No matter how skillful the teacher is in uniting students and creating a positive atmosphere, the task is never complete. Regular maintenance is necessary. Conflicts arise. The needs of individual members change. A new kind of learning task requires a new organizational structure. Sometimes outside pressures such as holidays, upcoming tests or sport competitions, or family troubles cause stress in the classroom. One task for the teacher is to recreate a positive environment by helping students deal with conflict, change, and stress.
小題1:The underlined word “maintain” in Para.1 probably means_______.

A．keep

B． build

C．recreate

D．evaluate

小題2:According to the author, the teacher should _______.

A．free students from outside pressures

B．set the standards and rules on his own

C．be responsible for a well-organized class

D．focus more on instruction and evaluation

小題3:From the passage we can learn that ______.

A．rules cannot be changed once they’re formed

B．outside pressures can not cause tension among students

C．if the teacher well unites his students, he then will finish his task

D．if rules are not acceptable both to students and teachers, the classroom can be a mess

小題4:What is the author’s main purpose of writing the passage?

A．To provide information for teaching.

B．To show the importance of teaching a class.

C．To study the teacher’s behavior in the classroom.

D．To compare the teacher’s behavior with the students’ in class.

If your preschoolers turn up their noses at carrots or celery, a small reward like a sticker(貼畫) for taking even a taste may help get them to eat previously disliked foods, a UK study said.
Though it might seem obvious that a reward could encourage young children to eat their vegetables, the idea is actually controversial, researchers wrote in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. That’s because some studies have shown that rewards can backfire and cause children to lose interest in foods they already liked, said Jane Wardle, a researcher at University College London who worked on the study. Verbal praise, such as “Brilliant! You’re a great vegetable taster”, did not work as well.
The study found that when parents gave their small children a sticker each time they took a “tiny taste” of a disliked vegetable, it gradually changed their attitudes. The children were also willing to eat more of the vegetables—either carrots, celery, cucumber, red pepper, cabbage or sugar snap peas—in laboratory taste tests, the study said.
Researchers randomly assigned (分派) 173 families to one of these groups. In one, parents used stickers to reward their children each time they took a tiny sample of a disliked vegetable. A second group of parents used verbal praise. The third group, where Parents used no special vegetable-promoting methods, served as a “control”.
Parents in the reward groups offered their children a taste of the “target” vegetable every day for 12 days. Soon after, children in the sticker group were giving higher ratings to the vegetables—and were willing to eat more in the research lab, going from an average of 5 grams at the start to about 10 grams after the 12-day experience. The turnaround(轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)) also seemed to last, with preschoolers in the sticker group still willing to eat more of the once-disliked vegetable three months later.
Why didn’t the verbal praise work? Wardle said the parents’ words may have seemed “insincere” to their children.
小題1:The purpose of writing the passage is      .

A．to show the procedure of an experiment on children’s diet

B．to introduce a practical method of making children eat vegetables

C．to explain why children hate to eat vegetables

D．to present a proper way of verbal praise to parents

小題2:The underlined word “backfire” in Paragraph 2 probably means “_______”.

A．shoot from behind the back

B．make a fire in the backyard

C．produce an unexpected result

D．a(chǎn)chieve what was planned

小題3:Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

A．Most children are born to dislike carrots or celery.

B．Children in the sticker group will never lose interest in eating vegetables.

C．Oral praise works quite well in encouraging children to eat vegetables.

D．It remains a question whether rewarding is a good way to get children to eat vegetables.

小題4:What can we learn from the last paragraph?

A．Children like rewards, not verbal praise.

B．Parents should give up verbal praise.

C．Children are difficult to inspire.

D．Parents should praise their children in a sincere tone.