While parents, particularly mothers, have always been attached to their infants (嬰兒), societal conditions frequently made this attachment difficult to maintain (保持). First of all, the high infant death rate in the premodern times meant that such attachments often ended in hopelessness. Perhaps to prevent the sadness that infant death caused, a number of societal practices developed which worked against early attachment of mother and child.

    One of these premodern attachment-discouraging practices was to leave infants unnamed until they had survived into the second year. Another practice that discouraged maternal (母親的) attachment was tightly wrapping (包裹) infants. Wrapping effectively prevented the close physical interactions like stroking (撫摸) and kissing that are so much a part of modern mothers' and fathers' affection for their infants.

    A third practice which had the same distancing effect was wet-nursing. Breast-feeding (母乳哺育) was not popular among the well-to-do in the early modern times; infants were often fed by wet nurses hired for the purpose. In some places, such as nineteenth-century France, city infants were sent to wet nurses in the country. Often a wet nurse would feed her own child first, leaving little milk for the city infant—who, in many cases, died. In Rouen, the death rate for children sent to a wet nurse was 35 percent.

68. Babies were unnamed until they were two so that _______.

    A. an old social custom could be kept up        B. maternal attachment could be maintained

    C. they could have better chances to survive   D. their parents would not be too sad if they died

69. Why were babies wrapped?

    A. To protect them from the cold.          B. To distance their mothers from them.

    C. To make them feel more comfortable. D. To make it easy for their mothers to hold them.

70. Wet nurses were women who________.

    A. babysat city infants                           B. fed babies of other families

    C. sent their babies to the country           D. failed to look after their babies

71. Which is the best title for the passage?

    A. Societal Conditions in Premodern Times

    B. Practices of Reducing Maternal Attachment

    C. Poor Health Service and High Infant Death Rate

    D. Differences between Modem and Premodern Parents

We are at your service. Don’t _____to turn to us if you have any further problems.

A. beg          B. hesitate          C. desire       D. seek

     Reading is very important to help you learn English. To learn as much as you can from reading, you need to read different kinds of English. This book provides not only different kinds of English but also a good way to check your reading ability.

    There are four parts in the book:

    Part 1 is Messages: In this part somebody wants to send information in writing to somebody else. There is a test on timetable and a test on text messages.

    Part 2 is People: In this part all the tests are about people. For example, there is an informal letter between friends. There is formal(正式的) English in biography(傳記). There is a job application as a model to help with your writing, as well as testing your reading.

     Part 3 is Places: In this part, too, many different kinds of English are shown, some informal and some formal. There is the informal English of a holiday postcard. There is also the formal English in a letter of complaint.

     Part 4 is Things: You will find some descriptive writing in this part. There are descriptions of clothes and of a computer.

    You can do these tests in any order you like, or you can do all the tests with a formal or informal text. I enjoyed writing this book and I hope you enjoy using it.

59. We can find the introduction to a product in ___________.

   A. part 1          B. Part 2            C. Part 3             D. Part 4

60. Which of the following is most probably written in informal English?

   A. A letter of complaint.                                B. A computer handbook.

   C. A letter of a friend.                                          D. A story of a president.

61. The passage is most probably written for _________.

   A. test designers    B. students     C. test-takers    D. teachers

62. What is the best title of the book?

   A. Test Your Reading                                    B. Help with Your Writing

   C. Learn Different Kinds of English               D. Practice English in Different Ways

    Throughout the history of the arts，the nature of creativity has remained constant to artists. No matter what objects they select，artists are to bring forth new forces and forms that cause change—to find poetry where no one has ever seen or experienced it before.

    Landscape（風(fēng)景）is another unchanging element of art. It can be found from ancient times through the 17th-century Dutch painters to the 19th-century romanticists and impressionists. In the 1970s Alfred Leslie，one of the new American realists，continued this practice，Leslie sought out the same place where Thomas Cole, a romanticist, had produced paintings of the same scene a century and a half before. Unlike Cole who insists on a feeling of loneliness and the idea of finding peace in nature，Ledge pains what he actually sees. In his paintings，there is no particular change in motion，and he includes ordinary things like the highway in the background. He also takes advantage of the latest developments of color photography（攝影術(shù)）to help both the eye and the memory when he improves his painting back in his workroom.

    Besides，all art begs the age-old question：What is real？Each generation of artists has shown their understanding of reality in one form or another. The impressionists saw reality in brief emotional effects，the realists in everyday subjects and in forest scenes，and the Cro-Magnon cave people in their naturalistic drawings of the animals in the ancient forests. To sum up. understanding reality is a necessary struggle for Artists of all periods.

    Over thousands of years the function of the arts has remained relatively constant. Past or present，Eastern or Western，the arts are a basic part of our immediate experience. Many and different are the faces of art，and together they express the basic need and hope of human beings.

71. The underlined word “poetry” most probably means______________.

A. an object for artistic creation                        B. a collection of poems

C. an unusual quality                                       D. a natural scene

72. Leslie’s paintings are extraordinary because______________.

A. they are close in style to works in ancient times     

B. they look like works by 19th-cenary painters

C. they draw attention to common things in life

D. they depend heavily on color photography

73. What is the author’s opinion of artistic really？______________.

A. It will not be found in future works of art.            B. It does not have a long-lasting standard.

C. It is expressed in a fixed artistic form.                D. It is lacking in modern works of art.

74. What does the author suggest about the arts in the last paragraph？

A. They express people’s curiosity about the past.

B. They make people interested in everyday experience.

C. They are considered important for variety in form.

D. They are regarded as a mirror of the human situation.

75. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage？

A. History of the arts.                                             B. Basic questions of the arts.

C. New developments in the arts.                          D. Use of modern technology in the arts.

—Correct ____ is important.

—I agree. I don’t eat sweets now, for I’m on a _____.

A. diet; diet      B. food; food             C. diet; food             D. food; diet

It is not so much what happens to each of us that determines our quality of life, but rather our reaction to what happens. Though we may have no     36    in unexpected events that happen to us, we most certainly have choice in   37   we interpret what happens, and in what we choose to do about it. These choices make all the   38   in how we experience our world and very much determine our    39     of life.  

Neither does what we own    40    a major role in quality of life. One person with all the money and possessions in the world may have a   41   life, while another in the lowest income classes may    42   love their life. It is what we do with what we own that   43   our level of satisfaction and joy in life. It's not what you    44    or what happens to you in life that    45    , but rather what you do with it.  

Every    46    something is happening in our lives. And every moment we    47    or a judgment about what happens. By choosing to become more   48   of how we react to what happens, we can   49   towards what we really want in our lives.   50    following habitual, reactive patterns which   51   more of the same, we can recognize and  52   our old habits to move powerfully in the   53   of creating the life we really want. Yet to do this, we must first find the    54  to look at some of the disempowering, often unconscious   55   which get in the way and don't serve to increase our quality of life. But by continually reminding ourselves of our intention to be creators, we can transform our life.  

36．A．need                B．courage           C．choice             D．necessity

37．A．what               B．whether           C．that                 D．how

38．A．difference        B．troubles           C．decisions          D．measures

39．A．type                B．quality             C．a(chǎn)mount            D．level

40．A．take                B．play                C．make               D．get

41．A．miserable         B．a(chǎn)ccessible         C．a(chǎn)cceptable        D．a(chǎn)daptable 

42．A．practically              B．privately          C．a(chǎn)bsolutely        D．a(chǎn)dequately

43．A．creates             B．investigates      C．a(chǎn)ffects             D．handles

44．A．lack                B．need                C．reserve            D．possess 

45．A．means             B．exists               C．works              D．matters  

46．A．time                B．period             C．date                 D．moment

47．A．make a mistake                                   B．make a discovery

    C．make a decision                            D．make a fortune

48．A．conscious         B．sensitive          C．reasonable        D．a(chǎn)ctive  

49．A．a(chǎn)lter                B．shift                C．differ                     D．distinguish

50．A．Other than              B．Rather than      C．As well as        D．According to

51．A．lead to             B．lie in               C．call for            D．a(chǎn)ppeal to/ equal to

52．A．transplant        B．transform         C．transport          D． transmit

53．A．edge                B．way                 C．direction          D．center

54．A．hope               B．interest            C．chance             D．courage

55．A．patterns           B．frames             C．landscape         D．examples

Father Christmas is at risk of serious illness because of his bulging waistline and needs to cut down on the mince pies, doctors warned.

A survey of shopping centre Santas in Scotland revealed an average waist size of 47 inches - seven inches more than is considered safe.

Dr Miles Fisher, consultant physician at Glasgow Royal Infirmary said: "The image of Santa is of a round, jolly person but if you have obesity around your tummy, then it is very bad for you.

"Before, we thought it was just not good to be overweight but now we know that having fat around your middle is particularly bad.

"That fat produces hormones, which have been associated with heart disease and other conditions."

According to health guidelines, having a waist circumference of more than 40 inches for men or 35 inches for women is a key indicator of abdominal obesity.

It is associated with a greater risk of heart disease or type 2 diabetes. And people who have rounder stomachs, known as "central obesity", are more at risk than people who are merely overweight.

Perhaps Santa should consider cutting back on the sherry as well.

1.What is the best title for the passage?

A. Doctors order Santa to go on a diet

B. Overweight Causes Many Diseases

C. A Survey on Father Christmas

D. Father Christmas should be Jolly

2.Generally speaking, if a man’s waist size is about _____ inches, he is likely to be healthy.

A. 54                   B.25                 C. 47                D. 37

3. What does the underlined word probably mean in the first paragraph?

A. 強(qiáng)壯的          B. 鼓起的          C.扁細(xì)的           D. 修長的

4. According to the passage, Father Christmas should be _______.

A. funny and strong.                B. amusing and a little fat

C. quick and handsome              D. healthy and serious

Pushy parents and teachers who “hothouse” the under-5s risk causing damage to the children’s long term development, a leading education expert said.

       Lilian Katz, Professor of Education at the University of Illinois, said that four-year-olds engaged in reading and writing went on to perform worse academiclly than those engaged in imaginative learning. They scored higher in tests at the age of 5, but children whose first year at school was stimulating outstripped them four years later.

   The findings suggest that the government's structured approach to early years' learning could be storing up problems for children. They also raise serious questions about the plan for all children to be able to read by the age of 6.

   In many countries formal teaching does not start until children are 6 or 7 and have improved their social and manual skills. Children start learning to read and write at 6 in the United States. France and Germany , and at 7 in Finland and Sweden.

   Professor Katz said that in many schools the courses were "boring children to tears". Much academic teaching required children to learn by memorizing pieces of information out of context, she said. Teaching in reception class should instead allow children to develop their intellect by exploring their environments and asking questions.

   "Research suggests the benefits of formal academic insturction for four- and five-year-olds seem to be promising when they are tested early, but considerably less so in the long term. When these children are followed over a period of three or more years, those who had early experience in more intellectually engaging curricula were more likely to do well in school than their peers, who had received early academic instruction." She avocates teaching children through first-hand experience and play, in mixed-aged classes. This can include puppet shows, drawing or running a pretend shop in the classroom.

1．According to the passage, those who “hothouse” the under-5s would probably _________.

       A. prefer a lot of interaction and stimulation while teaching

       B. teach in a lively way to motivate kids’ interest

       C. push the kids to memorize pieces of information

       D. care about the kids’ physical development

2．What does the underlined word “ outstripped” in Paragraph 2 mean?

       A. did better than                                B. looked down upon

       C. caught up with                                      D. performed worse than

3．According to Lilian Katz, the government’s structured approach to early-years learning ______.

       A. is necessary for improving children’s reading and writing ability

       B. needs to be improved to develop children’s academicability

       C. will cause problems to children in their future learning

       D. has more advantages than disadvantages

4．The message the author wants to deliver through the passage is that formal teaching _______.

       A. can start at different times in different countries.

       B. should not be started too early

       C. is best carried out in Finland and Sweden

       D. should include teaching children social and manual skills

5．Which of the following is NOT the opinion of Lilian Katz?

       A. Children should be taught through first-hand experience.

       B. Learning in a mixed-age class is good for children.

       C. Running a shop can help children get good marks.

       D. Puppet shows and drawing are useful easy in teaching children.

Do you know if she is going __ him?

A.to mary with       B. to marry to      C. to marry    D. to marry of

I have been looking for this book for months, and _____ I have found it.

A.at least  B. in no time  C.at last  D.at present