Which came first, the chicken or the egg? This is one of life’s ______ questions and people have been debating about it for thousands of years. Now scientists believe they have solved this ______. Researchers from Sheffield and Warwick Universities in England discovered the answer ____. They used a super computer to observe the shell-making process while a new shell was ____. Then they found one protein called OC17 that is ______ for forming eggshell. This is only found inside a chicken’s body, which is proof that the ______ came first. The team was ______ looking at how animals and birds make eggshells but suddenly made their surprising ______. The big question now is where chickens came from. The ______ is from dinosaurs.
The research team said eggshells are one of nature’s most ______ creations. Professor John Harding from the team told reporters: “Understanding how chickens make eggshells is fascinating in itself, but it can also be _____ in designing new materials.” Eggshells are very lightweight but incredibly strong. Even the most up-to-date materials _____ by the world’s top engineers cannot produce anything as ______ as an eggshell. Professor Harding added that ______ eggshells could help to cure bone diseases and design materials for the construction industry. “Nature has found wonderful ways that ___ for all kinds of problems in materials science and technology — we can learn a lot from them.” he said.

Culture can affect not just language and customs, but also how people experience the world on surprisingly basic levels.
Researchers, with the help of brain scans, have ______ shocking differences in perception between Westerners and Asians, what they see when they look at a city street, for example, or even how they are _____ of a simple line in a square, according to findings published in a(n) _____ science journal.
In Western countries, culture makes people think of themselves as highly ______ entities. When looking at scenes, Westerners tend to focus more on central objects than on their surroundings. East Asian cultures, however, ________ inter-dependence, When Easterners look at a scene, they tend to focus on the surroundings as well as the object.
Using an experiment ________ two tasks, Dr. Hedden asked subjects to look at a line simply to estimate its length, a task that played to American’s _______. In another, they estimated the line’s length relative to the size of a square, an easier task for the Asian.
The level of brain activity, by ______ blood flow, was then measured by Brain Scanners. The experiment found that although there was no difference in performance, and the tasks were very easy, the levels of activity in the subjects’ brain were ______. For the Americans, areas ______ to attention were more favorable to them, when they worked on the task they tended to find more difficult --- estimating the line’s size relative to the square. The findings are a ______ of more than ten years of previous experimental research into East-West differences.
In one study, for instance researchers ______ people a choice among five pens; four red and one green. Easterners were more likely to choose a red pen, and Westerners were more likely to choose the green one.
Culture does not only make a(n) ______ on how you see the world, but how you choose to understand and internalize it. But such habits can be changed. Some psychological studies suggest that when an Easterner goes to the West or vice versa, habits of thought and perception also begin to change. Such research gives us ______ to how our brain works and holds new promises for us to develop programs to improve our memory techniques and __________ our learning skills.

閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的四個選項（A，B，C，D）中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。
For centuries, magicians have used various ways to shock the audience. We all have seen how a   36  performer carefully steps   37  a bed of burning coals -- barefoot. Then he walks across   38  a single burn on his feet. Is it mind over matter, or is it just physics? As it turns   __39 , walking on burning coals isn’t that hot as   40 . “The coals are hot enough to   41__  you, but if you walk quickly across them you   42  being burned.” says Jonathan Hall, a physician at Penn State University in Eric Pennsylvania.
That’s because some coals are made   43   burning wood chips. Wood has two   44__   properties（特性）for fire-walking, explains Hall. First, wood is an insulator（絕緣體）--it doesn’t   __45  heat very well. “It   46 _ time for heat to travel   47  the wood to your feet.” Hall says. If the performer walked across red-hot metal   48 , that would truly be   49 , because metal conducts, or transmits, heat very well. The metal would   50  burn a performer’s feet.
Second, wood has a low specific heat-- it doesn’t take much heat to   51  its temperature. Heat is a form of   52 . Temperature is a   53  of heat, in units of degrees. So   54  the coals are hot, the value（數(shù)值）of heat energy they contain is low. Thus, a well-trained performer can   55  such an amazing result.
Still, you don’t want to walk on burning coals, do you?

從題中所給的四個選項(A、B、C和D)中,選出最佳選項,并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。
People often fall ill because of me. 36 , they can hardly blame me; it is largely their own 37  . A tired person may get 38  , especially when he goes to crowded places with polluted air. A sudden change in 39  is another factor. In hot summer, people turn on the air-conditioner upon returning home. They will catch a cold easily.
My latest victim is an energetic student. After school, he played football hard for two hours. Though 40 , he still went to the cinema .Then he got back home and took a cold shower immediately.
I seized this golden chance to 41  him .He reacted, trying to 42  me , but I was already 43  deep in his throat. He kept sneezing（打噴嚏） and his nose was running. 44  he put on some warm clothes, it didn’t work, for there were too many of us. Besides, his sore throat kept 45  him, and he developed a cough to force me and my family out, but   46  .
The next day he couldn’t go to 47 . He had lost his appetite and was not as 48  as before. His mother made him orange juice every few hours for more vitamin C, which would help his 49
For two days he was   50  by his mother. As he rested more, his defense strengthened and I began to feel the   51 . I knew I had to   52  him before long. But I am not the one who gives up easily, and I made every effort to fight back. 53 , it was my turn to feel   54 now, for his defense system was starting an all-out attack against me. I became  55  and finally my time was over.
Do you know what I am?

Body language is the quiet, secret and most powerful language of all! It speaks       than words. According to specialists, our bodies send out more       than we realize. In fact, non-verbal(非言語)communication takes up about 50% of what we really     .And body language is particularly _       when we attempt to communicate across cultures. Indeed, what is called body language is so        a part of us that it's actually often unnoticed. And misunderstandings occur as a result of it..      ,different societies treat the         between people differently. Northern Europeans usually do not like having     contact(接觸)even with friends, and certainly not with       . People from Latin American countries      ，touch each other quite a lot. Therefore, it's possible that in         . it may look like a Latino is         a Norwegian all over the room. The Latino, trying to express friendship, will keep moving       _. The Norwegian, very probably seeing this as pushiness, will keep      which the Latino will in return regard as     
Clearly, a great deal is going on when people       . And only a part of it is in the words themselves. And when parties are from      cultures, there's a strong possibility of       . But whatever the situation, the best          is to obey the Golden Rule: treat others as you would like to be      .

Exam anxiety is something that almost every person experiences during his or her student life. Little anxiety actually helps one      and work hard for the exams. However, if students spend all their time in feeling     , a lot of valuable study time would be lost.
In this competitive world,      cause a lot of nervousness in students. For some, exam anxiety encourages them to work hard, while for others it may be the root cause for poor performance, leading to academic      and lack of confidence. In fact, some students are anxious by nature and easily get nervous when they face a(n)     situation. They will think      even if they have prepared well. They fear that they may        what they have studied, and when it is too much, their      is likely to come true.
One of the most important methods of      exam anxiety is to prepare well in advance. Studying regularly for a few hours every day helps increase the      of students. If students are not able to handle anxiety or nervousness, they could talk to their teachers, parents, friends or instructors.      should also avoid giving pressure to their kids to do well. Creating a peaceful and      atmosphere at home can be greatly helpful.
To      and sleep properly is also important. Students tend to avoid sleep and starve themselves due to anxiety, but it is      to their academic performance and health. It’s better that students should plan their time well and take proper breaks between studies. They should always remember to set aside some time for their      since some entertainment helps them relax and concentrate.

Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple ____.
Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we ____ do with it? We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why; how to deal with difficult ____ situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.
So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural ____, of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really____issues.
Dunbar ____ the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—____, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.
Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the ____ of the higher primates（靈長類動物）like monkeys. By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or____ from outside it.
As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar ____ that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the ____ it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to ____ the pressure and calm everybody down.
But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be ____ to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more ____ kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有聲的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one ____ contact.

　　It was July 1976. An unmanned spaceship, Viking One, had arrived at Mars. On July 20th, the spaceship　　. Part of it continued toward a landing on the planet. It fell　　through the late afternoon Mars’ sky.
Forty kilometers above the planet, the thin　　began to slow its fall. Six kilometers above the planet a big parachute(降落傘)opened. The landing craft fell more slowly. Then, three rocket engines　　. And the landing craft set down　　on the surface. 　　in the Viking One Lander immediately sent a message to the earth. It said, “I am here. I am down safely. I am beginning my work. ”
The message　　at the speed of light. It took twenty minutes to reach the earth, more than three hundred and twenty million kilometers　　. Scientists and engineers at the control center　　.
Moments later, television receiver in the control center began to　　the first picture from Viking One. People at the center could see the feet of the landing craft sitting firmly on the　11　soil of Mars. Those pictures were our first　　look at the planet. They showed a red surface, full of rocks, with no sign of　　. It was our first look at a planet that is full of surprises, mysteries and promise. Viking One was launched toward Mars in August, 1975. The spaceship had two　　: an orbiter(軌道飛行器)and a lander(著陸器). The orbiter would circle　　Mars. It would take pictures of Mars’ surface. It would　　the atmosphere.
The　　would go down to the surface. It would carry　　to dig up and study soil and　　.
It also would report about any evidence of life on the planet. The lander would send this　　to the orbiter and then back to the earth.

I used to be a very self-centered person, but in the past two years I have really changed. I have started to think about other people　　I think about myself. I am happy that I am becoming a　　person.
I think my　　started when I was at Palomar College. At first, I just wanted to get my　　and be left alone. I thought I was smarter than everyone else, so I hardly ever　　to anyone in my classes. By the end of my first semester, I was really　　. It seemed as if everyone but me had made friends and was having fun. So I tried a(n)　　. I started asking people around me what they were doing, and if they were having trouble I　　to help. That was really a big　　for me. By the end of the year, I had several new friends, and two of　　are still my best friends today.
A bigger cause of my new　　, however, came when I took a part-time job at a Vista Nursing Home. One old lady there who had Alzheimer’s disease became my　　. Every time I came into her room, she was so　　because she thought I was her daughter. Her real daughter never　　her, so I took her place. She let me　　that making others feel good makes me feel good, too.  When she died, I was　　, but I was very grateful to her.
I think I am a much　　person today than I used to be, and I hope I will not　　these experiences. They have　　me to care about other people more than about myself. I　　who I am today, and I could not say that a few years ago.

The mental aspect of athletics is underrated. The common expression, “athletics are 90 percent ____ and 10 percent physical,” is often used by coaches, and stresses that mindsets make a huge ____ in competitions.
“The physical aspect of the sport can only take you ____ ,” said Olympic gold medal-winning gymnast Shannon Miller during an interview with the Dana Foundation. “The mental aspect has to ____ , especially when you’re talking about the best of the best. In the Olympic games, everyone is talented. Everyone ____ hard. Everyone does the work. What ____ the gold medalists from the silver medalists is simply the mental game.”
Many athletes have used the technique of mental imagery, or ____ , to perform at their best. Research on the brain patterns of ____ found that the patterns activated when a weightlifter lifted heavy weights were activated ____ when they simply imagined lifting and some studies have suggested that mental ____ can be almost as effective as physical training. One study, published in the Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology in 1996, found that ____ weight lifting caused ____ changes in muscle activity.
“Mental imagery ____ many cognitive (認知的) processes in the brain: motor control, attention, perception, planning, and memory,” researcher Angie LeVan wrote in Psychology Today. “So the ____ is getting trained for actual performance during visualization. It’s been found that mental practices can enhance motivation, increase confidence, improve motor performance and ____ your brain for success.”
____ visualizing is more than just thinking about an upcoming event. ____ athletes use visualization, they truly feel the event taking place in their mind’s eye.
“During visualization, she incorporates (整合) all of her ____ into the experience,” sports psychologist Dr JoAnn Dahlkoetter wrote in a blog post on The Huffington Post ____ a speed skater she works with. “She feels her forefoot pushing off the track, she hears her skating splits, and she sees herself racing ahead of the competitors. She experiences all of the elements of her race ____ before executing (完成) her performance.”