3、表示時(shí)間、距離、國家、城市的無生命名詞,可以在詞尾加“’s”或“’”表示所有格,如:today’s papers, ten minutes’ walk
2、如果一個事物為兩個人所有,只在后一個名詞的詞尾加“’s”,如果不是共有,就要在兩個名詞的詞尾都加上“’s”。如:Tom and Mike’s room.(共有),Tom’s and Mike’s books.(不共有)。
1、有生命名詞的所有格一般在詞尾加上“’”或“’s”。如:Tom’s bike, Engles’s (Engles’) works, a works’ school, Women’s Day, the editor-in-chief’s office
3、注意以下幾個名詞單復(fù)數(shù)問題
① 物質(zhì)名詞一般不用復(fù)數(shù)形式,但有些物質(zhì)名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式來表示不同的類別,如:fishes各種魚,fruits各種水果,steels各種鋼材。
② 物質(zhì)名詞表示數(shù)量時(shí),一般用表示數(shù)量的短語來表示。如:a cup of tea, three bags of apples, four pieces of bread。
③ 有些抽象名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式表示不同的含義。如:work(工作)→ works(著作),arm(手臂)→ arms(軍火),glass(玻璃)→ glasses(眼鏡),cloth(布)→ clothes(衣服)。
④ 定冠詞加上姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式,表示全家人或夫婦二人;姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式前不加冠詞,則表示若干個姓…的人。如:the Wangs王家,three Wangs三個姓王的。
⑤ 只用作單數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞。如:physics, mathematics, news, the United States
⑥ 有些名詞形似單數(shù),但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。如:police, people, cattle
⑦ 有些名詞如被看作整體時(shí)就作單數(shù)用,如被看作組成該集體的各個成員時(shí)就作復(fù)數(shù)用。如:class, family, couple, audience, government, public
⑧ 有些抽象名詞在具體化時(shí),可以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)。表示特指時(shí),可和定冠詞連用;表示“某種”或“一次”意義時(shí),可和不定冠詞連用。如:How did you smooth away the difficulties?(指各種具體困難);It is a great pleasure to talk with you.;What a surprise!
(五)名詞的所有格
名詞的所有格在句中表示所有關(guān)系,作定語用。
2、有些名詞,不按上述規(guī)則構(gòu)成其復(fù)數(shù)形式,有以下幾種情況:
① 單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同:Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep
② 不規(guī)則變化:man → men, woman → women, goose → geese, foot → feet, tooth → teeth, child → children, mouse → mice, ox → oxen 。但是,German → Germans
③ 復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式:editor-in-chief → editors-in-chief, daughter-in-law → daughters-in-law, grown-up → grown-ups, woman teacher → women teachers, man driver → men drivers
1、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù):
① 一般加s :lesson → lessons, pen → pens
② 以s, x, ss, ch, sh, o結(jié)尾的加es :buses, boxes, classes, watches, brushes, hero → heroes
但有些以o結(jié)尾的名詞,是加s構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù):kilo → kilos, piano → pianos, radio → radios,
photo → photos, zoo → zoos
③ 以輔音字母 + y 結(jié)尾的改y為i,再加es :city → cities, story → stories
④ 以f 或fe結(jié)尾的,一般將f或fe改為v,再加es :knife → knives, leaf → leaves
但有些以f 結(jié)尾的名詞,是在f后加s,構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)形式:belief → beliefs, roof → roofs, safe(保險(xiǎn)箱)→ safes, proof(證據(jù))→ proofs, chief → chiefs, handkerchief → handkerchiefs
3、個體名詞轉(zhuǎn)專有名詞
e.g. His father is a teacher.(個體)他父親是個教師。
“What are you doing there?” Father asked.(專有)“你在那兒干什么?”父親問道。
(四)名詞的數(shù)
名詞分為可數(shù)(有單、復(fù)數(shù)形式)和不可數(shù)名詞(只有單數(shù)形式)。
2、物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)個體名詞或個體名詞轉(zhuǎn)物質(zhì)名詞
e.g. He broke a piece of glass.(物質(zhì))他打破了一塊玻璃。
He broke a glass.(個體)他打破了一個杯子。
1、個體名詞轉(zhuǎn)抽象名詞或抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)個體名詞
e.g. Our school is not far from my home.(個體)我們學(xué)校離我家不遠(yuǎn)。
School is over at six.(抽象)六點(diǎn)鐘放學(xué)。
50. He will have learned English for eight years by the time he _____ from the university next year.
A. will graduate B. will have graduated
C. graduates D. is to graduate
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