4. can 和 may
考試中主要測試can,may或could,might表示可能性的區(qū)別及對may構成的疑問句的回答
can, could, may, might都可以表示可能性.can, could表示潛在的可能性或理論上或邏輯判斷上存在的可能性;而may, might則表示事實上的可能性。此外,can還具有“有能力”的意思,而may與might則不具此意。例如:^
① According to the weather forecast, it may rain tomorrow. 據(jù)氣象預報,明天可能下雨。
② Any man with a little sense can see that he is wrong. 任何一位有頭腦的人都能看出他錯了。
May I / we …?這一類疑問句的肯定回答為Yes, please.或Certainly;否定回答為Please don’t.或No, you mustn’t. 例如:
、 ---May we leave now? 我們可以走了嗎?
---No, you mustn’t. You haven’t finished your home work yet. 不行,你們還沒完成工作呢。
3. would和used to
used to表示過去與現(xiàn)在或過去某時與后來的情況有不同,而would只表過去的情況。例如:
① People used to think that the earth was flat.過去人們認為地球是平的。(現(xiàn)在人們不這么認為。)
② She would go out for a walk in the morning when she was in the country.
在鄉(xiāng)下時,她總是在早晨去散會兒步。(可能現(xiàn)在仍有散步的習慣。)
used to可表示過去的習慣動作和經(jīng)常的情況,而would只表示過去的習慣動作。例如:
① He used to ∕would smoke while writing. 過去他寫東西時常抽煙。
② She used to be fat. 她過去很胖。
2. must和 have to
must 和 have to 都可以表示“必須”,但有幾點區(qū)別:
must 強調(diào)“內(nèi)在的職責”、“義務”,而have to 強調(diào)“外界壓力”、“不得已而為之”。^
have to可用于多種時態(tài),而must一般用于現(xiàn)在時,其過去時與將來時分別由had to與shall / will have to代替。
在回答must引起的問題時,如果是否定的答復,不能用mustn’t,而要用needn’t或don’t have to,因為mustn’t是“一定不要”、“一定不能”的意思。例如:
① You must come to the classroom before eight. 八點前你必須來教室。
② It is raining hard outside, but I have to leave now. 雖然外面下著大雨,可我還是得走了。
③ ---Must we do it now? 我們必須現(xiàn)在做嗎?
---No, you needn’t. 不,不必。
1. can 和be able to
情態(tài)動詞can只有兩種時態(tài)形式,現(xiàn)在式can和過去式could,而be able to有多種時態(tài)形式。例如:
① Mary can play the piano. She has been able to play it since she was 5. 瑪麗會彈鋼琴。她五歲起就會彈了。
用在過去時中,could經(jīng)常表示能夠做某事,事實上不一定去做,而was / were able to則表示“過去做成了某事”。在否定句中兩者可通用。例如:
② He could swim across the English Channel. But he didn’t feel like it that day. 他能游過英吉利海峽,但那天他不想游。
③ Yesterday I was able to get home before the heavy rain. 昨天我在下大雨前趕到了家里。
3. would和used to
1)used to表示過去與現(xiàn)在或過去某時與后來的情況有不同,而would只表過去的情況。
People used to think that the earth was flat.
過去人們認為地球是平的。(現(xiàn)在人們不這么認為。)
She would go out for a walk in the morning when she was in the country.
在鄉(xiāng)下時,她總是在早晨去散會兒步。(可能現(xiàn)在仍有散步的習慣。)
2)used to可表示過去的習慣動作和經(jīng)常的情況,而would只表示過去的習慣動作。
He used to ∕would smoke while writing. 過去他寫東西時常抽煙。
She used to be fat. 她過去很胖。
◆ 考題剖析
例題1. I didn't hear the phone. I ________ asleep. (NMET 89)
A. must be B. must have been C. should be D. should have been;
答案 B 從原題中的I didn't hear the phone.這一信息可以判斷出,用must have
done表示對過去事實的準確的肯定猜測。
例題2. Tom ought not to me your secret ,but he meant no harm. (NMET93)
A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having told
答案 A 該句意思是:“湯姆本來不該告訴我你的秘密,但他沒有傷害你的意思。”
例題3. I was really anxious about you. you home without a word. (NMET2001)
A. mustn't leave B. shouldn't have left
C. couldn't have left D. needn't leave.
答案 B shouldn't have done為不該做了某事。
例題4. ---Could I borrow your umbrella, please?
---I’m afraid you _______.
A. could B. can C. couldn’t D. can’t
答案 D 此題極易錯選C。其實could在問句中表示請求,為了語氣的委婉和客氣才用過去式,而答句必須按照實際情況回答,故選can’t,以求和I’m afraid(在此表示婉拒)一致。
例題5. ---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
---______.`
A. I don't B. I won't C. I can't D. I haven't
答案 B will既可當作情態(tài)動詞,表請求、建議、也可作為實義動詞表"意愿、意志、決心",本題表示決心,故選B。
例題6. ----Shall we go skating or stay at home?
----Which ___ do?
A. do you rather B. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather
答案 B 本題考查情態(tài)動詞would rather的用法,would rather +do sth 意為“寧愿”,本題為疑問句,would 提前,所以選B。
◆思考
幾組情態(tài)動詞的辨異
2. must和 have to語法學習綱要由江蘇省靖江高級中學外語組為英語貓網(wǎng)站特供
must表示主觀意志,而have to表示由于客觀因素不得不做某事。must沒有過去式,除在間接引語中可用于表示過去時間,在直接引語中表示過去時間應該用had to代替。
I told her that she must give up smoking. 我叫她必須戒煙。
We had to get everything ready that night. 我們那晚得把一切準備就緒。"
1. can 和be able to
1)情態(tài)動詞can只有兩種時態(tài)形式,現(xiàn)在式can和過去式could,而be able to有多種時態(tài)形式
Mary can play the piano. She has been able to play it since she was 5.
瑪麗會彈鋼琴。她五歲起就會彈了。
2)用在過去時中,could經(jīng)常表示能夠做某事,事實上不一定去做,而was / were able to則表示“過去做成了某事”。在否定句中兩者可通用。
He could swim across the English Channel. But he didn’t feel like it that day.
他能游過英吉利海峽,但那天他不想游。
Yesterday I was able to get home before the heavy rain. 昨天我在下大雨前趕到了家里。
1. 情態(tài)動詞后跟完成式和進行式的用法
1) 情態(tài)動詞+動詞完成式
情態(tài)動詞+動詞完成式即“情態(tài)動詞+ have + done分詞”,表示對過去行為或動作進行推測、評論或判斷。
must have done 表示對過去某事的肯定猜測。其否定或疑問形式都用can(could) 來表示。 例如:
① Since the road is wet, it must have rained last night.
② He can’t have missed the way. I drew him a map.
③ The dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it?
當然對現(xiàn)在發(fā)生或?qū)戆l(fā)生的事情,要用must do 表示猜測, 否定為can’t do。例如:
④ He must understand that we mean business.
⑤ You must be hungry after a long walk.
may / might have done表示推測過去某事“也許”發(fā)生了.may 比 might 表示的可能性在說話人看來稍大些。例如:
⑥ I can’t find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.
could have done 在肯定句型中, 往往用作委婉的批評. 本應該做什么,而沒做; 有時也用作猜測。例如:
⑦ You could have told us earlier.
⑧ Tom could have taken the dictionary.
ought to / should have done和 ought not to / shouldn’t have done用于對已發(fā)生的情況表示“責備”、“不滿”,分別表示“本應該…”和“本不應該…”。例如:
⑨ With all the work finished, I should have gone to the party last night.
⑩ You ought not to have made fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from.
needn’t have done 表示過去做了某事,但沒有做的必要, 意為“本沒必要…”。例如:
⑾ You needn’t have waken me up; I don’t have to go to work today.
[注意]表示推測過去某動作發(fā)生的可能性時,就表示的可能性程度而言,must最大,could其次,may更次之,might最小。例如:
⑿ ---I wonder how Tom knew about your past.
---He must / could / may / might have heard of it from Mary.
2) 情態(tài)動詞+動詞進行式
情態(tài)動詞+行為動詞進行式(即情態(tài)動詞+ be + doing形式),表示推測或評論某動作現(xiàn)在是否正在進行。例如:
① He must be playing basketball in the room.
② She may be staying at home.
3) 情態(tài)動詞+動詞完成進行式
情態(tài)動詞+行為動詞完成進行式(即情態(tài)動詞+ have been + v-ing形式),表示推測或評論過去某動作是否正在進行或一直在進行。例如:
① They should have been meeting to discuss the problem.
② He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.|
9.特殊情態(tài)動詞need和dare的用法:
need和dare既可用作情態(tài)動詞,也可用作實義動詞。用作情態(tài)動詞時,主要用于否定句和疑問句。用作實義動詞時,可用于各種句式。
1) 用作情態(tài)動詞。例如:|
① You needn’t telephone him now. 你現(xiàn)在不必打電話給他。
② I don’t think you need worry. 我想你不必發(fā)愁。
③ She dare not go out alone at night. 她晚上不敢一個人出去。
④ How dare you say I’m unfair? 你竟敢說我不公平?_
2) 用作實義動詞。例如:
① You don’t need to do it yourself. 你不必親自做這件事。
② We need to tell them the news. 我們需要把這消息告訴他們。
③ The table needs painting (to be painted.). 桌子需要油漆一下。
④ We should dare to give our own opinion. 我們要敢于提出自己的觀點。
⑤ He did not dare (to) look up. 他不敢抬頭看。
⑥ I dare say he’ll come again. 我想他會再來的。
[注意](I dare say…為固定習語)
◆ 難點突破
8. used to
表示過去的習慣動作或狀態(tài),現(xiàn)在不復發(fā)生或存在。疑問式和否定式有兩種。例如:i
① There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down. 街道拐角處過去有座樓房,現(xiàn)在拆了。
② I usedn’t (didn’t use) to smoke. 我過去不抽煙。j }F
③ Used you (Did you use) to go to school on foot? 你過去常步行去學校嗎?
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