2.陳述句(statements):

　 (1)He said,”I like it very much.”

(2)Tom said to me,”I broke your CD player.”

直接引語(yǔ)如果是陳述句,變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),用連詞that引導(dǎo)(that在口語(yǔ)中可省略),從　　 句中的人稱(chēng),時(shí)態(tài),指示代詞,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)等要做相應(yīng)變化.

1)人稱(chēng)的變化:

(1)He said,”I like it very much.”

　 He said that he liked it very much.

(2)Tom said to me,”I broke your CD player.”

Tom told me that he had broken my CD player.

2)時(shí)態(tài)的變化:

主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí),直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)上要做相應(yīng)的變化.如主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句的時(shí)態(tài)無(wú)須變化.

(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí):

He said,”I am afraid I cannot finish the work.”

He said that he was afraid he couldn’t finish

　the work.

(2)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

He said,” I’m using the knife.”

He said that he was using the knife

(3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)

She said,”I’ve not heard from him since May.”

She said that she had not heard from him since May.

(4)一般過(guò)去時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)

He said ,”I came to help you.”

He said that he had come to help me.

(5)過(guò)去完成時(shí)不變

He said,”I had finished my homework before supper.”

He said that he had finished his homework before supper.

(6)一般將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)

She said,” I’ll do it after class.”

She said that she woukd do it after class

3)指示代詞,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞的變化.

(1) She said, “ I’ll finish the work this morning.”

She said that she would finish the work that morning.

(2)He said, “These books are mine.”

He said that those books were his.

(3)He said, “It’s nine now.”

He said that it was nine then

(4)He said,’I haven’t seen her today.”

He said that he hadn’t seen her that day

(5)She said,”I went there yesterday.”

She said that she had gone there the day before.

(6)She said,” I ‘ll go there tomorrow.”

She said that she would go there the next/following day.

將疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序改為陳述句語(yǔ)序(主語(yǔ)在謂語(yǔ)前面時(shí))，句末用句號(hào)，主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)，時(shí)態(tài)和狀語(yǔ)要相應(yīng)變化。

(7)She said,’He left 30 minutes ago.”

She said that he had left 30 minutes before.

(8)He said,” My sister was here one week ago.”

He said that his sister had been there one week before.

(9)She said .” I’ll come here this evening.”

She said that she would go there that evening.

He said,”Light travels much faster than sound.”

He said that light travels much faster than sound.

注：直接引語(yǔ)如果是客觀真理，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。

注: 如果在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述，here不必改成there,動(dòng)詞come也不必改成go

2)疑問(wèn)句(questions)

(1)一般疑問(wèn)句：直接引語(yǔ)是一般疑問(wèn)句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，用連詞whether 或if 引導(dǎo)。主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是said 時(shí),要改為asked.沒(méi)有間接賓語(yǔ)的,可加一個(gè)間接賓語(yǔ)(me,him,us等)。

(1)He said,”Are you interested in English?”

He asked (me)if I was interested in English.

(2)He said,” Did you see him last night?”

He asked (me) whether I had seen him the night before.

2)特殊疑問(wèn)句：

“What can I do for you?”he asked me.

1. (1)John said,”I like reading novels.”

　 (2)John said that he liked reading novels.

　 直接引語(yǔ):直接引述別人的話(huà).

　 間接引語(yǔ):用自己的話(huà)轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話(huà).

　 它構(gòu)成賓語(yǔ)從句.

3．時(shí)態(tài)一致性，即若主句時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)(包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))，賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)可根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定；若主句是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)(包括一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí))，賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)也用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，如：

　We know he is a teacher at a school.

　We know he lost his son last year.

　We know he will come here soon.

He said that he was ill.

第15講 直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)

Direct and Indirect Speech

2．賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序要用陳述句語(yǔ)序，即賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)前不可有be動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)　 詞或助動(dòng)詞do, does, did, have, has, had等。

1．賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞

　(1)由陳述句變成的賓語(yǔ)從句，用that引導(dǎo)，語(yǔ)序不變。that在句中無(wú)實(shí)際意義，可以省略。如：

　 　　 　He is a teacher. →He said (that) he was a teacher.

　　　 　 I have already seen the film. →He said that he (had) already seen the film.

　(2)由一般疑問(wèn)句變成的賓語(yǔ)從句，用if或whether引導(dǎo)，表示“是否”，原來(lái)一般疑問(wèn)句的語(yǔ)序要變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z(yǔ)序。如：

　 　 Does the boy like English? →The teacher asked me if the boy liked English.

　　　 Are they students?→I don't know if they are students.

注意：當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中出現(xiàn)“or not”或“or + 供具體選擇的內(nèi)容”時(shí)，就只能用whether來(lái)引導(dǎo)。例如：

　 I don’t know whether he will come back soon or not.

　(3)由特殊疑問(wèn)句變成賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，疑問(wèn)代詞或疑問(wèn)副詞作賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞，并在賓語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)成分，表示對(duì)不清楚的人、事物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式等的詢(xún)問(wèn)。原來(lái)特殊疑問(wèn)句的疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)序要變?yōu)殛愂稣Z(yǔ)序。如：

　　　 Who is that boy? → Miss Li wants to know who that boy is.

　　　 What does the girl want to buy? → He asked what the girl wanted to buy.

　　　 Where have they gone? → I didn’t know where they had gone.

　　　 When did you leave? → He asked when I left.

8. It is (high) time that　

It is (high) time that 后面的從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去式或用should加動(dòng)詞原形，但should不可省略。

It is time that the children went to bed.

It is high time that the children should go to bed.

9 need "不必做"和"本不該做"　

didn't need to do表示： 過(guò)去不必做某事, 事實(shí)上也沒(méi)做。

needn't have done表示： 過(guò)去不必做某事, 但事實(shí)上做了。

John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home.

約翰開(kāi)車(chē)去車(chē)站接瑪麗，所以她不必步行回家了。

John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home.

約翰開(kāi)車(chē)去車(chē)站接瑪麗，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，沒(méi)有遇上John的車(chē)。)

典型例題 There was plenty of time. She ___. A.mustn‘t have hurried B.couldn’t have hurried C. must not hurry D.needn't have hurried

答案D。needn't have done. 意為"本不必"，即已經(jīng)做了某事，而實(shí)際上不必要。

mustn't have done 用法不正確，對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情進(jìn)行否定性推斷應(yīng)為couldn't have done, "不可能已經(jīng)"。must not do 不可以(用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))

　　　　　　　　　　　 第14講賓語(yǔ)從句

賓語(yǔ)從句的三要素：引導(dǎo)詞、陳述句語(yǔ)序、時(shí)態(tài)一致

2、　 語(yǔ)法性的倒裝

A→各種疑問(wèn)句的倒裝

例：1)Are you against the plan?

2)What do you like best?

●注意：但如果主語(yǔ)是由一個(gè)疑問(wèn)詞表示的或修飾的，語(yǔ)序不變。

例：1)Who did it? (疑問(wèn)詞who是主語(yǔ)，語(yǔ)序不變?nèi)詾橹髡Z(yǔ)who+謂語(yǔ)did)

2)How many students in your school joined the army ?

(分析：主語(yǔ)students由how many修飾，語(yǔ)序不變。)

B→there be句型中的倒裝

　 在此句型中，主語(yǔ)總是在謂語(yǔ)之后，無(wú)論是在陳述句中還是疑問(wèn)句中。

例：1)There were no school or hospitals there before.

2)Is there any ink in the bottle?

C→直接引語(yǔ)中的倒裝

a.　　 直接引語(yǔ)的一部分或全部放在句首時(shí)，它的主語(yǔ)(說(shuō)話(huà)人)和謂語(yǔ)(引述動(dòng)詞)常要倒裝。

b.　　 但當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是代詞或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞含有助動(dòng)詞時(shí)，一般不倒裝。

c.　　 另外，如果謂語(yǔ)比主語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)，或是它后面有賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般也不倒裝。

例：1)“Will you please carry it for you”? said the old man

2)“Please do me a favour”, he said.

3)“He is a liar. You can’t trust him.” said Tom.

　　 4)“I am hungry”，she had said.

D→省略if的虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句中的倒裝

　 If引導(dǎo)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，條件句中如含有助動(dòng)詞were, should和had時(shí)，可以使用倒裝。

句型：were/should/had+主語(yǔ)+……

　　　 =if+主語(yǔ)+were/should/had……

當(dāng)if省略時(shí)，助動(dòng)詞were, should和had要倒裝到主語(yǔ)前去；而if不省略時(shí)，主語(yǔ)和助動(dòng)詞用正常語(yǔ)序。

例：1)Were you a fish, the cat would eat you.

=If you were a fish, the cat would eat you.

2)Should it rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home.

=If it should rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home.

3)Had you my troubles, you would despair.

=If you had my troubles, you would despair.

E→so，nor，neither用于句首時(shí)的倒裝

當(dāng)so，nor，neither用于句首,說(shuō)明前面一句話(huà)中謂語(yǔ)表示的情況也適用于另外一個(gè)人或物時(shí)，句子要用倒裝。

例：1) A: I have had my breakfast.

　　　 B: So have I.

2)A: Li Ming can speak three languages.

　 B: So can I.

3)A: Will you go home this weekend?

　 B: After that we never saw her again.

4)After that we never saw her again, nor did we hear from her.

F→as 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中的倒裝

+as+主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞be,主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞

副詞/實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 +as+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞，主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞

分別敘述如下：

句型一：形容詞+as+主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞be

例：1)Young as he is，he knows a lot of things.

　　 =Although/though he is young, he knows a lot of things.

　　 =He is young but he knows a lot of things.

句型二：名詞(不帶冠詞)+as+主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞be

例：1)King as he is，he is unhappy.

　　　 =Although/though he is a king, he is unhappy.

　　　 =He is a king, but he is unhappy.

2)Scientist as she is, she wants to learn more.

　=Although she is a scientist, she wants to learn more.

句型三：副詞+as+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞

1)Much as I like it, I won’t buy it.

=Although/though I like it much, I won’t buy it.

=I like it much, but I won’t buy it.

2)Fast as you run, you can’t catch up with him.

句型四：實(shí)義動(dòng)詞+as+主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞

1)Try as she does, she will never find it.

=She tries but she will never find it.

2)Search as they could, they could find no sign of the boy.

▲3．修辭性的倒裝(�？純�(nèi)容)

　 除了語(yǔ)法性倒裝之外，有些倒裝是由于修辭的原因而采用的，叫做修辭性倒裝。

A→否定詞放在句首時(shí)的倒裝

句型：否定詞+助動(dòng)詞/be動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)

▲常見(jiàn)放在句首的否定詞

By no means, in no case, in no way, on no consideration,

under no circumstances, in no circumstances 表示決不

barely 簡(jiǎn)直沒(méi)有　　 hardly 幾乎不　 scarcely 幾乎不　

never　 從不　　　　 rarely 很少　　 little　 幾乎沒(méi)有;一點(diǎn)也不

seldom 很少　　　　 only　 只有　　　 not　 不，沒(méi)有

not…until…　 直到…才…　　 nowhere　 沒(méi)有地方，無(wú)處

not a bit 一點(diǎn)也不　　　　　 not only…but also…　 不但…而且…

例：1)Barely does he have enough money to live on.

　　 =He barely has enough money to live on.

2) By no means is translation easy.

=Translation is by no means easy.

3)Little did I think that I would lose the game.

=I didn’t think at all that I would lose the game.

(注：這里not at all=little 譯為：一點(diǎn)也不)

在上面表格所列到的否定詞中，有幾個(gè)詞是強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的緊密相接，說(shuō)明如下：

a.　　 hardly…when…　 一…就…

例：Hardly did he see me when he ran away.

　 =As soon as he saw me, he ran away.

b.　　 scarcely…when… 一…就…

例：Scarcely had the baby cried when the nurse rushed to carry him.

c.　　 no sooner…than… 一…就…

例：No sooner had they reached home than it rained.

　 =It rained as soon as they reached home.

d. not only…but also…　 不但…而且…

例：1)No only did I make a promise, but I also kept it.

　 =I not only made a promise, but (also)I kept it.

　 2)Not only is he a scientist, but also he is a painter.

B→副詞(短語(yǔ))放在句首時(shí)的倒裝

以here, then, now, thus, such, there, so, only , no longer, out, in, up, down, away等副詞(短語(yǔ))為首的句子中，要倒裝以表示特別強(qiáng)調(diào)的語(yǔ)氣。例:

1)Then came the time we had been looking for ward to.

=The time we had been looking forward to came then.

2) Summer begins in June. Then come July and August.

=Summer begins in June, July and August came then.

3) Out rushed the boy.

4) Here are some ideas which will help you to over come the difficulties.

5) 比較： He was very angry. He didn’t say a word.

　　　　　 He was very angry. Not a word did he say.

6)比較： I shall never be late for school.

　　　　　 Never again shall I be late for school.

C→only+副詞在句首時(shí)的倒裝

Only+副詞/副詞短語(yǔ)/狀語(yǔ)從句+助動(dòng)詞/be+主語(yǔ)

例：1)Only then did I realize I made such a big mistake.

I realized I made such a big mistake only then.

2) Only in this way can you worked it out.

3) Only when one loses health does one know its value.

4) Only when he got home did he know what happened to his father.

=When he got home he knew what happened to his father.

D→頻度副詞在句首時(shí)的倒裝

頻度副詞always, often, once出現(xiàn)在句首時(shí)，句子要倒裝。

例：1)Often did we warn them not to do so.

2) Always will we remember the importance of the meeting.

=We will always remember the importance of the meeting.

第13講 虛擬語(yǔ)氣

The Subjunctive Mood

虛擬語(yǔ)氣　

1) 概念 　 虛擬語(yǔ)氣用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話(huà)人的主觀愿望或假想，所說(shuō)的是一個(gè)條件，不一定是事實(shí)，或與事實(shí)相反。

2) 在條件句中的應(yīng)用 　 條件句可分為兩類(lèi)，一類(lèi)為真實(shí)條件句，一類(lèi)為非真實(shí)條件句。非真實(shí)條件句表示的是假設(shè)的或?qū)嶋H可能性不大的情況，故采用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

1 真實(shí)條件句　

　真實(shí)條件句用于陳述語(yǔ)氣，假設(shè)的情況可能發(fā)生，其中 if 是如果的意思。

　時(shí)態(tài)關(guān)系 句型： 條件從句　　　　　　　 　　主句 　 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)　 　　　　　shall/will + 動(dòng)詞原形 　例：If he comes, he will bring his violin.

例題：The volleyball match will be put off if it ___. 　 A.will rain　　 B. rains　　　　 C. rained　　　　 D. is rained

答案B。真實(shí)條件句主句為將來(lái)時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

注意： 1)在真實(shí)條件句中，主句不能用be going to表示將來(lái)，該用shall, will. 　 (錯(cuò)) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it. 　 (對(duì)) If you leave now, you will never regret it. 2)表示真理時(shí)，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞便不用shall (will) +動(dòng)詞原形，而直接用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的動(dòng)詞形式。

2 非真實(shí)條件句　

時(shí)態(tài)：可以表示過(guò)去，現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)的情況。它的基本特點(diǎn)是時(shí)態(tài)退后。

a.　 同現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。 句型 ： 　條件從句　　　　　　　　　　　　　 主句 　　一般過(guò)去時(shí)　　 　　　　　　　　should( would) +動(dòng)詞原形

If they were here, they would help you.

b.　 表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。 句型： 　條件從句　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　主句　　　 　　 過(guò)去完成時(shí)　　 　　　　　　　should(would) have+ 過(guò)去分詞

例1：If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.　

例2：The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.　 例3：If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.

例4：If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.　

含義：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.

例5：If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress.

含義： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.　

c.　 表示對(duì)將來(lái)的假想 　句型：　 條件從句 　　　　　　　　　　　　　主句

一般過(guò)去時(shí)

should+ 動(dòng)詞原形

were+ 不定式

　would + 動(dòng)詞原形

should+ 動(dòng)詞原形

例1：If you succeeded, everything would be all right. 例2：If you should succeed, everything would be all right. 例3：If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.

3 混合條件句　

　 主句與從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在不同的時(shí)間，這時(shí)主、從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式因時(shí)間不同而不同，這叫做混合條件句。

If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.

(從句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。)

If it had rained last night (過(guò)去), it would be very cold today (現(xiàn)在).

4 虛擬條件句的倒裝　

　虛擬條件句的從句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可將if省略，再把were, should或had 移到從句句首，實(shí)行倒裝。

Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us.

Had you come earlier, you would have met him =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.

Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.

=If it should rain,the crops would be saved.

=If it were to rain,the crops would be saved.

注意： 　 在虛擬語(yǔ)氣的從句中，動(dòng)詞'be'的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)一律用"were"，不用was， 即在從句中be用were代替。

If I were you, I would go to look for him. 　 如果我是你，就會(huì)去找他。

If he were here, everything would be all right. 　 如果他在這兒，一切都會(huì)好的。

典型例題 　_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day. A. If were I　 B. I were　C. Were I　D. Was I

答案C. 在虛擬條件狀語(yǔ)中如果有were, should, had這三個(gè)詞

主語(yǔ)提前, 變成 were, should, had +主語(yǔ)的形式。但要注意，在虛擬條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動(dòng)詞的縮略形式。如我們可說(shuō) Were I not to do., 而不能說(shuō) Weren't I to do.

5 特殊的虛擬語(yǔ)氣詞：should　

1)It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用should 加動(dòng)詞原形，should 可省略。

句型： 　　(1)suggested It is　 (2)important　　that… + (should) do 　　(3) a pity

(1)suggested, ordered, proposed, required,demanded, requested, insisted； + (should) do

(2)important, necessary, natural, strange a pity,a shame,no wonder.

例1：It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week. 例2：It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.

2)在賓語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用 　在表示命令、建議、要求等一類(lèi)動(dòng)詞后面的從句中。

order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + (should) do

I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week. He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.

注意： 如suggest, insist不表示"建議" 或"堅(jiān)持要某人做某事時(shí)"，即它們用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為"時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句用陳述語(yǔ)氣。

The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.

判斷改錯(cuò): 　　　　　 誤：Your pale face suggests that you (should) be ill. 　 　　　 正：Your pale face suggests that you are ill. 　　　　　 誤：I insisted that you ( should) be wrong. 　 　　　 正：I insisted that you were wrong.

3)在表語(yǔ)從句，同位語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用 　在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名詞后面的表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句中要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即(should)+動(dòng)詞原形。

My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference. I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

6 wish的用法　

1)用于wish后面的從句，表示與事實(shí)相反的情況，或表示將來(lái)不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。其賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞形式為： 　　　　　　　 真實(shí)狀況　wish后　　 從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作　現(xiàn)在時(shí)　過(guò)去時(shí) (be的過(guò)去式為 were)　　　　　　　 從句動(dòng)作與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生　過(guò)去時(shí)　過(guò)去完成時(shí) (had + 過(guò)去分詞)　　　　　　　　 將來(lái)不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望　　將來(lái)時(shí)　would/could + 　　　　　　　　　　動(dòng)詞原形　

I wish I were as tall as you.　我希望和你一樣高。

He wished he hadn‘t said that. 他希望他沒(méi)講那樣的話(huà)。

I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。

2)wish to do表達(dá)法。 　 wish sb / sth to do

I wish to see the manager.

= I want to see the manager.

I wish the manager to be informed at once.

= I want the manager to be informed at once.

7 比較if only與only if重點(diǎn)

only if表示"只有"；if only則表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陳述語(yǔ)氣。

I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.

只有鬧鐘響了，我才會(huì)醒。

If only the alarm clock had rung.　

當(dāng)時(shí)鬧鐘響了，就好了。

If only he comes early.　　　　

但愿他早點(diǎn)回來(lái).

Summary:主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的順序分為兩種：

自然語(yǔ)序：主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)

倒裝語(yǔ)序：謂語(yǔ)+主語(yǔ)

1、　 部分倒裝和全部倒裝

我們通常使用的語(yǔ)序是自然語(yǔ)序，即主語(yǔ)在前，謂語(yǔ)在后，但有時(shí)謂語(yǔ)的全部或一部分提到主語(yǔ)的前面，即采用倒裝語(yǔ)序。倒裝的原因，或是語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要，或是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)。

A→部分倒裝

　 部分倒裝是謂語(yǔ)中的一部分(如：助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞be)放在主語(yǔ)前面，其余部分仍放在主語(yǔ)后面。

例：ⅰ)Only in this way can we work at the physics problem.(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)

ⅱ)Never had he had any experience like that.(助動(dòng)詞)

ⅲ)Not only is he a singer,but also he is a dancer.(系動(dòng)詞)

B→全部倒裝

　 全部倒裝是句子中沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞be時(shí)，要把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)的前面。

例：Here comes the bus.

Up went the arrow in to the sky.

The door opened and in came a group of soldiers.

●　　 例外：這時(shí)如果主語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞，則主謂不倒裝。

例：Here he comes.

Here you are. 給你

Here we are.　 我們到了

▲　　 重點(diǎn)：在英語(yǔ)中，從形式上可分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝，我們?yōu)榱耸褂诶斫�，還可以把它分為語(yǔ)法性倒裝。這是由于語(yǔ)法上的需要而必須倒裝的句子，還有一種是修飾性倒裝，顧名思義，這些句子如果不是特意加以強(qiáng)調(diào)，可以不必倒裝。

2、　 狀語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)序

在句子中如果同時(shí)有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，先地點(diǎn)后時(shí)間：地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)→時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，這和漢語(yǔ)中狀語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)序不同，漢語(yǔ)是先時(shí)間后地點(diǎn)。

例：Ⅰ)My mother has lunch at the factory at noon.

Ⅱ)At the airport last night two events take place.

Ⅲ)I stayed there for 3 weeks last year.

在英語(yǔ)中，一般常見(jiàn)的語(yǔ)序?yàn)椤爸髡Z(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)”，此語(yǔ)序與漢語(yǔ)基本相同，但定語(yǔ)在句子的位置，中文和英文略有差異，下面舉例說(shuō)明：

1、　 定語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)序

(1)當(dāng)定語(yǔ)是單詞或動(dòng)詞–ing 形式時(shí)，在英語(yǔ)中多將定語(yǔ)放在被修飾的前面，與漢語(yǔ)相同�！　�

例：He is a naughty boy. (形容詞)

(2)當(dāng)定語(yǔ)是短語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其中短語(yǔ)包括：介詞短語(yǔ)，分詞短語(yǔ)，不定式短語(yǔ)，放在修飾詞的后面。

例： I)She had a basket (full of apples)　 (短語(yǔ))

II) The boy (who is sleeping) is my little brother. (定語(yǔ)從句)

III)The students(in the room)are from Asia.(介詞短語(yǔ))

(3)當(dāng)定語(yǔ)是副詞或某些過(guò)去分詞時(shí),放在所修飾詞后面。

例：I) The women (here) are for you.(副詞)

II) I like the books (written) by him.(過(guò)去分詞)