10. arise, rise, raise

　 raise vt.“使……上升；升起；提高”等；

rise vi.“上升；升起”；

arise vi.“站起來(stand up)”，“起床(get up)”，rise和arise用作站起，起床都屬正式用法；arise主要表示“出現(xiàn)、發(fā)生”等意思。She raised her voice in anger. (抬高) The wind raised the fallen leaves from the ground. (刮起) The child rose from the ground and ran to his mother. (=The child raised himself from the ground and ran to his mother.) (爬起) She rises before it is light. (起床) Difficulties will arise as we do the work. (出現(xiàn))

☆短語歸納☆

9. custom, habit

　 (1) custom 指傳統(tǒng)風俗、習俗，也可指生活習慣，后接不定式。They broke some of the old customs. / It is the custom in China to eat dumplings during the spring Festival.

　 (2) habit 指個人生活習慣�！�(有)養(yǎng)成……習慣”常

　 用be in / fall into / get into / form / have the habit of doing sth. 句型；“戒掉……習慣”常用 give up / kick / break away from / get out of the habit of doing sth. 句型。It's easy to get into a bad habit but its hard to give it up. / The drug easily get one into the habit of smoking.

8. too much, much too

　 (1) too much “太多”之意，可以作形容詞，修飾不可數(shù)　 名詞，也可作副詞，修飾動詞。 There is too much rain here in spring. / She talked too much at the meeting.

　 (2) much too “簡直太，過于”，只能作副詞，用來修飾　 形容詞或別的副詞，不能修飾動詞。This book is much too difficult for me. / The old man walks much too slowly.

7. call for, call on, call up

　 (1) call for

　 ① 來找(某人)；來取(某物) I'll call for you at your house.

　 ②要求；需要Success in school calls for much hard work.

　 (2) call on

　 ① call on / upon sb. 拜訪；去會(某人) I hope to call on you at your office at 3 o’clock today.

　 ② call on / upon sb. to do sth. 請／叫某人做某事He called upon me to speak immediately.

　③ 號召；呼吁；要求 The President called on his people to serve the country.

　 (3) call up

　 ① 給……打電話 (英 ring up) I tried to call you up last night, but no one answered the phone.

　 ② 征召入役；調(diào)用 (后備部隊) Three boys in our street were called up last week.

6. take off, take down, take in, take on, take up

　 (1) take off

　 ① (飛機)起飛 A helicopter is able to take off and land straight up or down.

　 ② 脫下(衣裳等)；取下 He took off his wet shoes. / Who took the knob off the door?

　 ③ 休假；請假；歇工 When his wife was sick he took off from work.

　 ④ (指觀念、產(chǎn)品) 大受歡迎；(事業(yè))突然發(fā)達，成功The new type of cell phones has really taken off. / His business began to take off when he was in his forties.

　 (2) take down

　 ① 拿下來；取下來 He reached up to the third shelf of the bookcase and took down a dictionary.

　 ② 記下來 He read out the names and his secretary took them down.

　 (3) take in

　 ① 接受 (房客，客人等)；收留 The farmers took in the lost travelers for the night.

　 ② 理解；領(lǐng)會；明白 The boys could not take in his meaning.

　 ③包括；涉及 The study of physics takes in many different subjects.

　 ④使上當；欺騙We were completely taken in by her story.

　 (4) take on

　 ① 接受；從事(某工作) After his father died, Bill took on the management of the factory.

　 ② 雇用Is the supermarket taking on any more assis- tant?

　 ③ 具有(新面貌、意思等) The city has taken on a new look.

　 (5) take up

　 ① 從事某項活動；發(fā)展某種愛好 So many young men want to take up writing.

　 ② 開始做(某項工作)；開始學習(某個課程) Then she took up the task of getting the breakfast. / He dropped medicine and took up physics.

　 ③ 占去 (時間或空間) The meeting took up the whole morning. / The table takes up too much room.

　 ④ 接受I'd like to take up your offer of a ride into town.

5. live, living, alive, lively

　 (1) live adj.

　 ① 活的；活生生的；(只修飾生物；只作前置定語) The laboratory is doing experiments with several live monkeys.

　 ② 實況直播的 (不是錄音)It wasn't a recorded show. It was live.

　 ③ 帶電的；燃著的；可爆炸的 This is a live wire.

　 (2) living adj. 活著的，有生命的(作表語或定語) She was, he thought, the best living novelist in England. / The old man is still living. (或alive)

　 (3) alive adj. ① 活著的；② 有活力的；有生氣

作后置定語：Who's the greatest man alive?

　 作表語：Was the snake alive or dead? / My grandmother is more alive than a lot of young people.

　 作補語：Let's keep the fish alive.

　 (4) lively adj. 活潑的；有生氣的；活躍的(作表語或定語) The music is bright and lively.

4. be afraid, be afraid to do sth., be afraid of (doing) sth.

　 (1) be afraid 意為“擔心，害怕”，多用于口語，常用來表示一種歉意，或遺憾，后可接 so 或 not，也可接 that 從句。I'm afraid (that) 其語意相當于 I'm sorry, but...。

　 -- Are we on time? 我們準時嗎? -- I'm afraid not. 恐怕不準時。I'm afraid you'll get caught in the rain.

　 (2) be afraid to do sth 常表示“由于膽小而不敢做某事”。She is afraid to be here alone. / He is afraid to jump into the river from the bridge.

　 (3) be afraid of (doing) sth. 常表示“擔心或害怕某事(發(fā)生)”。I was afraid of hurting her feelings.

3. by sea, by the sea, in the sea, on the sea, at sea

　 (1) by sea “走海路，乘船”，用來表示交通方式，同 by ship 同義。 These heavy boxes should be sent by sea.

　 (2) by the sea “在海邊”，相當于 by (at) the seaside。The children enjoyed themselves by the sea on Children's Day.

　 (3) in the sea “在海里，在海水中” There are many plants and animals in the sea.

　 (4) on the sea “在海面上”，“在海岸邊”。I want to live in a town with a beautiful position on the sea.

　 (5) at sea 在海上；在航海 When he woke up, the ship was at sea.

2. in the end, finally, at last

　 三者均可表示“(經(jīng)過周折、等待、耽誤)最后，終于”之意。不同的是：

finally 一般用在句中動詞前面，而 at last 與 in the end 的位置則較為靈活；

三者中at last 語氣最為強烈，且可單獨作為感嘆句使用。After putting it off three times, we finally managed to have a holiday in Dalian. / At last he knew the meaning of life. / At last! Where on earth have you been? / But in the end he gave in.

　 另外，finally還可用在列舉事項時，引出最后一個內(nèi)容，相當于lastly。 Firstly, we should make a plan; secondly, we should carry it out; finally we should make a conclu- sion.

1. win, beat, defeat　 表示獲勝、取勝的詞語

　 (1) win v. 贏……，獲勝，接比賽或獎項 win a game / a prize / an honor / a race. / Our team won the game 8 to 7. / He won by five points. / He won her love at last. / He won the first place in the competition.

　 (2) beat + 對手，表打敗(尤指體育比賽)　 I can easily beat him at golf.

　 (3) defeat 表戰(zhàn)勝，接對手The enemy was defeated in the battle.